{"id":28285,"date":"2022-01-25T08:08:39","date_gmt":"2022-01-25T01:08:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?p=28285"},"modified":"2025-05-12T10:20:50","modified_gmt":"2025-05-12T03:20:50","slug":"tu-dai-phat-minh-cua-trung-quoc-co-dai-thuoc-sung","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2022\/01\/tu-dai-phat-minh-cua-trung-quoc-co-dai-thuoc-sung.html","title":{"rendered":"T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t minh c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i: Thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang"},"content":{"rendered":"

[ChanhKien.org]<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Th\u1ea7n T\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o v\u0169 kh\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n

L\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh, \u0111\u00e1 ti\u00eau (Kali Nitrat – KNO\u2083) v\u00e0 than (b\u1ed9t than) l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang trong th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m Kh\u00e1nh L\u1ecbch tri\u1ec1u B\u1eafc T\u1ed1ng (t\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1044 CN), trong cu\u1ed1n binh th\u01b0 “V\u00f5 Kinh T\u1ed5ng Y\u1ebfu” \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00e9p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang. Trong th\u1eddi gian T\u1ed1ng Th\u1ea7n T\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb, [tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh] \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp cho l\u1eadp n\u00ean c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0169 kh\u00ed qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 ng\u1ef1 ti\u1ec1n s\u1edf [1], v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e1 ti\u00eau, l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong y d\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang [l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c] qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

2. Trung y v\u00e0 L\u01b0u ti\u00eau<\/strong><\/p>\n

“L\u01b0u ti\u00eau” ch\u1ec9 l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh v\u00e0 Kali Nitrat.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1 ti\u00eau v\u00e0 l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb thu\u1ed1c Trung y trong b\u1ed9 Ng\u1ecdc Th\u1ea1ch, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n trong d\u00e2n gian t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu. Theo ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n “Th\u1ea7n N\u00f4ng B\u1ea3n Th\u1ea3o kinh” th\u00ec:<\/p>\n

“\u0110\u00e1 l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh c\u00f3 v\u1ecb chua t\u00ednh \u00f4n, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c\u2026 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m ch\u1eafc x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed1t, tr\u1ecb r\u1ee5ng t\u00f3c (h\u00f3i tr\u1ecdc), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1c, \u0111\u1ed3ng, s\u1eaft th\u00e0nh v\u1eadt l\u1ea1 kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 sinh ra trong c\u00e1c khe n\u00fai.”<\/p>\n

“\u0110\u00e1 ti\u00eau c\u00f3 v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng t\u00ednh h\u00e0n. Ch\u1ee7 tr\u1ecb (\u0111\u1eb7c tr\u1ecb) ch\u1ee9ng ng\u0169 t\u1ea1ng t\u00edch nhi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ea7y h\u01a1i ch\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ee5ng; l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0103n u\u1ed1ng, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t, tr\u1eeb t\u00e0 kh\u00ed. Tinh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1 ti\u00eau gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 cao, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i th\u00ec th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ean kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 xun-ph\u00e1t na-tri ng\u1eadm n\u01b0\u1edbc (Na2SO4.10H2O). N\u00f3 sinh ra t\u1eeb trong c\u00e1c khe n\u00fai.”<\/p>\n

3. “\u0110a s\u1ef1 chi thu” v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n<\/strong><\/p>\n

(Ch\u00fa th\u00edch c\u1ee7a d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3: “\u0110a s\u1ef1 chi thu” c\u00f3 h\u00e0m ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n, th\u1eddi bu\u1ed5i r\u1ed1i ren, m\u1ea5t an ninh)<\/p>\n

Thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian chuy\u1ec3n giao gi\u1eefa nh\u00e0 T\u00e2y Chu v\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7n quy v\u1ecb (gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3: c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n quy v\u1ecb l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed Nha l\u00e3nh nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 Phong th\u1ea7n trong Phong Th\u1ea7n Di\u1ec5n Ngh\u0129a), c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u x\u01b0ng h\u00f9ng, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u1edf trong th\u1ebf c\u1ee5c r\u1ed1i ren, \u0111\u1ed9ng lo\u1ea1n. Th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu c\u00f2n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi l\u1ea1 m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc nay ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 nh\u01b0 B\u00e1ch gia Ch\u01b0 t\u1eed, l\u1ec5 – nh\u1ea1c – v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00fac n\u00e0y c\u0169ng b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed v\u1ea5n l\u1ec5 (Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed th\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1o L\u00e3o T\u1eed)<\/strong><\/p>\n

L\u00e3o T\u1eed: “Ng\u00f4 v\u0103n chi, l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed5 th\u00e2m t\u00e0ng nh\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0, qu\u00e2n t\u1eed th\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ee9c dung m\u1ea1o nh\u01b0\u1ee3c ngu. Kh\u1ee9 t\u1eed chi ng\u1ea1o kh\u00ed d\u1eef \u0111a d\u1ee5c, th\u00e1i s\u1eafc d\u1eef d\u00e2m ch\u00ed, th\u1ecb giai v\u00f4 \u00edch vu t\u1eed chi th\u00e2n. Ng\u00f4 s\u1edf d\u0129 c\u00e1o t\u1eed, nh\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecb nhi d\u0129.”<\/p>\n

(L\u00e3o T\u1eed: Ta t\u1eebng nghe \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi che gi\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch k\u00edn \u0111\u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i xem ra ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec c\u1ea3; m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc qu\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u00f3 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, b\u00ean trong \u1ea9n ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i xem ra c\u00f3 v\u1ebb ngu ng\u1ed1c kh\u1edd kh\u1ea1o. Ph\u1ea3i lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf t\u00ednh ng\u1ea1o m\u1ea1n v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng tham d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng, s\u1eafc v\u00e0 d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi . V\u00ec v\u1eady ta n\u00f3i v\u1edbi phu t\u1eed (ch\u1ec9 Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed) nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.)<\/p>\n

(L\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed5: \u826f\u8d3e (\u00e2m c\u1ed5) l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kinh doanh bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n gi\u1ecfi; th\u00e2m t\u00e0ng \u6df1\u85cf l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1u v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea9n gi\u1ea5u, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00e2n t\u1eed l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ean trong c\u00f3 th\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ee9c nh\u01b0ng v\u1ebb ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd khi\u00eam nh\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb kh\u1edd kh\u1ea1o. V\u1ebb ngo\u00e0i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c, ng\u1ea1o m\u1ea1n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1eafc v\u00e0 d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap \u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec cho phu t\u1eed, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf).<\/p>\n

Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed: Con chim, ta bi\u1ebft ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bay; con c\u00e1, ta bi\u1ebft ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u01a1i; … c\u00f2n r\u1ed3ng, ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft n\u00f3 c\u01b0\u1ee1i gi\u00f3 m\u00e2y m\u00e0 l\u00ean tr\u1eddi. Ng\u00e0y nay ta th\u1ea5y L\u00e3o T\u1eed c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con r\u1ed3ng!<\/p>\n

S\u00e1ch “S\u1eed k\u00fd \u2022 L\u00e3o T\u1eed H\u00e0n Phi Li\u1ec7t Truy\u1ec7n” c\u00f3 ghi ch\u00e9p: L\u00e3o T\u1eed tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, \u00f4ng h\u1ecdc theo c\u00e1ch “t\u1ef1 \u1ea9n v\u00f4 danh vi v\u1ee5” (\u1ea9n m\u00ecnh v\u00f4 danh m\u00e0 ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1)… Khi th\u1ea5y nh\u00e0 Chu suy y\u1ebfu, \u00f4ng li\u1ec1n vi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n 5.000 ch\u1eef (\u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c kinh) r\u1ed3i r\u1eddi \u0111i, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed ra \u0111\u1eddi, tr\u00ean b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Nam \u00c1 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt “kinh thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecba”.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o n\u0103m 565 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch t\u00f4n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca M\u00e2u Ni gi\u00e1ng th\u1ebf t\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc Ca-t\u1ef3-la-v\u1ec7 \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i (ng\u00e0y nay thu\u1ed9c n\u01b0\u1edbc Nepal).<\/p>\n

L\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u1ea1t ph\u00e1p, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1t sinh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00fang t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1i ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1eeba c\u01a1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 6 TCN, Th\u00edch Ca M\u00e2u Ni \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt, khai th\u1ecb con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t cho ch\u00fang sinh \u1edf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ta B\u00e0 v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp n\u00ean Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y.<\/p>\n

Sau th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu, tam gi\u00e1o (Nho-Th\u00edch-\u0110\u1ea1o) b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n \u1edf Trung Nguy\u00ean, m\u1edf ra c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf v\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u01a1n hai ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m.<\/p>\n

4. Luy\u1ec7n \u0111an v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1 ti\u00eau v\u00e0 l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh, trong th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea1o gia s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 luy\u1ec7n \u0111an. Trong cu\u1ed1n “B\u00e3o Ph\u1ed1c T\u1eed N\u1ed9i Thi\u00ean” c\u1ee7a C\u00e1t H\u1ed3ng tri\u1ec1u T\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e3 bi\u00ean t\u1eadp h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p luy\u1ec7n \u0111an, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p C\u1eedu chuy\u1ec3n kim \u0111an thu\u1eadt. D\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1 ti\u00eau v\u00e0 l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 luy\u1ec7n \u0111an tu \u0110\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ebfn nay \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ed m\u1eadt trong nh\u1eefng b\u00ed m\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng cao nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ebfm, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

D\u1ef1a theo nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 truy\u1ec7n Gia C\u00e1t L\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong “Tam Qu\u1ed1c Ch\u00ed \u2022 Th\u1ee5c Ch\u00ed”: “(Gia C\u00e1t L\u01b0\u1ee3ng) \u0111\u00e3 “suy di\u1ec5n” (chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn) binh ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra b\u00e1t tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed3”. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e1 x\u1ebfp b\u00e1t l\u0169y th\u1ea1ch tr\u1eadn, bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a kh\u00f4n l\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ea1n tinh binh.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Gia C\u00e1t L\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf t\u00e0i m\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t gi\u1ecfi xem thi\u00ean t\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ecbch s\u1ed1. Ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i sau Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed Nha th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Chu, Gia C\u00e1t L\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1n d\u1ef1 ng\u00f4n th\u1ee9 hai v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed mang t\u00ean l\u00e0 “M\u00e3 Ti\u1ec1n Kh\u00f3a”.<\/p>\n

Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m Quang T\u1ef1 tri\u1ec1u Thanh, l\u00e3o h\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00ean l\u00e0 Th\u1ee7 Nguy\u00ean \u1edf n\u00fai B\u1ea1ch H\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u1eddi ti\u00ean tri t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Quang T\u1ef1 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc trong “M\u00e3 Ti\u1ec1n Kh\u00f3a”. L\u1eddi ti\u00ean tri cho nh\u00e0 Thanh l\u00e0 qu\u1ebb th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn c\u1ee7a “M\u00e3 Ti\u1ec1n Kh\u00f3a”: “Th\u1ee7y nguy\u1ec7t h\u1eefu ch\u1ee7, c\u1ed5 nguy\u1ec7t vi qu\u00e2n, th\u1eadp truy\u1ec1n tuy\u1ec7t th\u1ed1ng, t\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u00ednh nh\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2n”.<\/p>\n

H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1ee7 Nguy\u00ean gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: “‘Th\u1ee7y nguy\u1ec7t h\u1eefu ch\u1ee7’ l\u00e0 ch\u1eef: thanh (\u6e05), ‘c\u1ed5 nguy\u1ec7t’ (\u53e4\u6708) l\u00e0 ch\u1eef ‘h\u1ed3’ (\u80e1), ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1ed3 l\u00e0m vua, e r\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 tr\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c?” Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: “L\u00e3o t\u0103ng sinh v\u00e0o n\u0103m Gia Kh\u00e1nh th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi (1806 CN), n\u0103m nay 86 tu\u1ed5i (1892), m\u1ea5y c\u00e2u sau kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m lu\u1eadn b\u00e0n t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n”. N\u1ebfu h\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1ee7 Nguy\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee3i m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5y n\u0103m n\u1eefa, \u00f4ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadn m\u1eaft ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng T\u00e2n H\u1ee3i n\u0103m 1911, khi v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Thanh l\u00e0 Tuy\u00ean Th\u1ed1ng tho\u00e1i v\u1ecb trong bu\u1ed3n th\u1ea3m. L\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a kh\u00f3a n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0: \u201cTh\u1ed1ng\u201d (\u7edf) l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u201cTuy\u00ean Th\u1ed1ng\u201d (\u5ba3\u7edf), “Th\u1eadp truy\u1ec1n tuy\u1ec7t Th\u1ed1ng” l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 nh\u00e0 Thanh t\u1eeb Thu\u1eadn Tr\u1ecb nh\u1eadp quan (ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o quan \u1ea3i) x\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn Tuy\u00ean Th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng tr\u1ea3i qua m\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ti\u00ean tri gi\u1ecfi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch D\u1ecbch T\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng (Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed Nha), Kh\u1ed5ng Minh. Sau “M\u00e3 Ti\u1ec1n kh\u00f3a” c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng Minh th\u00ec c\u00f3 “Th\u00f4i B\u1ed1i \u0110\u1ed3” c\u1ee7a L\u00fd Thu\u1ea7n Phong v\u00e0 Vi\u00ean Thi\u00ean C\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, “Mai Hoa Thi” c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec7u Ung tri\u1ec1u T\u1ed1ng, sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 “Thi\u00eau B\u00ednh Ca” c\u1ee7a L\u01b0u B\u00e1 \u00d4n th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Minh, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 ng\u00f4n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf s\u1ef1 sau n\u00e0y. Nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ef1 ng\u00f4n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, theo xoay v\u1ea7n n\u0103m th\u00e1ng n\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf c\u1ee5c d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1u tu\u00e2n theo tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1. Trong u minh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed 5.000 n\u0103m c\u1ee7a Trung Nguy\u00ean, ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u1ea9n ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n c\u01a1 b\u00ed m\u1eadt n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

5. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u00e0o th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Minh (1368-1644) l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang. “T\u1eadt l\u00ea \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1n” (bom g\u1ed1m), th\u1ea1ch l\u00f4i (m\u00ecn \u0111\u00e1) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecfa kh\u00ed c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c n\u1ed5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi l\u1ef1u \u0111\u1ea1n v\u00e0 m\u00ecn. “Nh\u1ea5t oa phong” (nh\u01b0 ong v\u1ee1 t\u1ed5) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed b\u1eafn ra nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecfa ti\u1ec5n, \u0111\u1ed1t ng\u00f2i l\u1eeda l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac ph\u00f3ng ra 32 h\u1ecfa ti\u1ec5n.<\/p>\n

Theo ghi ch\u00e9p trong hai cu\u1ed1n binh th\u01b0 th\u1eddi Minh l\u00e0 \u201cV\u00f5 B\u1ecb Ch\u00ed\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cH\u1ecfa Long Kinh\u201d: “H\u1ecfa long xu\u1ea5t th\u1ee7y” l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed d\u00e0i n\u0103m th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng \u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y tr\u00fac, ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u00e2n r\u1ed3ng; \u1edf b\u00ean trong ph\u1ea7n b\u1ee5ng r\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eafn ra nh\u01b0 h\u1ecfa ti\u1ec5n; \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau th\u00e2n r\u1ed3ng l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1ed1n \u1ed1ng thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang l\u1edbn. H\u1ecfa long xu\u1ea5t th\u1ee7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong th\u1ee7y chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbch. Khi ch\u00e2m l\u1eeda b\u1ed1n \u1ed1ng thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang l\u1edbn g\u1eafn tr\u00ean th\u00e2n r\u1ed3ng, nh\u1eefng h\u1ecfa ti\u1ec5n c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y h\u1ecfa long bay xa hai ho\u1eb7c ba d\u1eb7m tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc, sau \u0111\u00f3 khi h\u1ecfa ti\u1ec5n c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t ch\u00e1y h\u1ebft, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y h\u1ecfa ti\u1ec5n c\u1ea5p hai trong b\u1ee5ng r\u1ed3ng, l\u00fac n\u00e0y, t\u1eeb mi\u1ec7ng r\u1ed3ng b\u1eafn ra nh\u1eefng h\u1ecfa ti\u1ec5n bay v\u00e0o k\u1ebb th\u00f9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y t\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13 (gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1225 v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1250 CN), c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c sang \u1ea2 R\u1eadp (Ba T\u01b0 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 “mu\u1ed1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c”, Ai C\u1eadp g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 “Tuy\u1ebft Trung Qu\u1ed1c”), sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.<\/p>\n

6. B\u00ed \u1ea9n v\u1ec1 thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Thanh (1644 – 1911) \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u01b0: tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 v\u00e0 huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ebf ch\u1ed7 cho c\u00e1c l\u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb quan truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh k\u00e9o d\u00e0i g\u1ea7n n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n ra th\u1ebf c\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a hai phe l\u1edbn tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 phe ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng (\u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n l\u00e0 Nga) v\u00e0 phe ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y (\u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n l\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3).<\/p>\n

Sau g\u1ea7n ba ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m d\u00e2u b\u1ec3, thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i qua b\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u1ec3n m\u00ecnh t\u1eeb v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng sang th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng tin. Thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1eeb trong chi\u1ebfn tranh, Trung Y, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 trong gi\u1edbi tu luy\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1o gia cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u1ed9i h\u00e0m v\u0103n h\u00f3a s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi v\u0103n minh c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c m\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f4m nay v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng k\u00fd \u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng th\u1ea7n b\u00ed n\u00f3i chung.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fa th\u00edch: [1] Ng\u1ef1 ti\u1ec1n s\u1edf \u5fa1\u524d\u6240: t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 “Ng\u1ef1 ti\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n kh\u00ed s\u1edf” \u5fa1\u524d\u519b\u5668\u6240 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o binh kh\u00ed do c\u1ea5p nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ra v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi B\u1eafc T\u1ed1ng, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua.<\/em><\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch t\u1eeb:\u00a0https:\/\/www.zhengjian.org\/node\/30556<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[ChanhKien.org] 1. Th\u1ea7n T\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o v\u0169 kh\u00ed L\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh, \u0111\u00e1 ti\u00eau (Kali Nitrat – KNO\u2083) v\u00e0 than (b\u1ed9t than) l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang trong th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m Kh\u00e1nh L\u1ecbch tri\u1ec1u B\u1eafc T\u1ed1ng (t\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1044 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[12],"tags":[388],"class_list":["post-28285","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-khoa-hoc","tag-tu-dai-phat-minh"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nT\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t minh c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i: Thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2022\/01\/tu-dai-phat-minh-cua-trung-quoc-co-dai-thuoc-sung.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t minh c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i: Thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[ChanhKien.org] 1. Th\u1ea7n T\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o v\u0169 kh\u00ed L\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh, \u0111\u00e1 ti\u00eau (Kali Nitrat – KNO\u2083) v\u00e0 than (b\u1ed9t than) l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang trong th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m Kh\u00e1nh L\u1ecbch tri\u1ec1u B\u1eafc T\u1ed1ng (t\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1044 […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2022\/01\/tu-dai-phat-minh-cua-trung-quoc-co-dai-thuoc-sung.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-01-25T01:08:39+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-05-12T03:20:50+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"editor_n\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"editor_n\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"16 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2022\/01\/tu-dai-phat-minh-cua-trung-quoc-co-dai-thuoc-sung.html#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2022\/01\/tu-dai-phat-minh-cua-trung-quoc-co-dai-thuoc-sung.html\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"editor_n\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/#\/schema\/person\/d39853a2b0e6235cdad43189e4cbd085\"},\"headline\":\"T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t minh c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i: Thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-01-25T01:08:39+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-05-12T03:20:50+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2022\/01\/tu-dai-phat-minh-cua-trung-quoc-co-dai-thuoc-sung.html\"},\"wordCount\":3118,\"keywords\":[\"T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t minh\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Khoa h\u1ecdc\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2022\/01\/tu-dai-phat-minh-cua-trung-quoc-co-dai-thuoc-sung.html\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2022\/01\/tu-dai-phat-minh-cua-trung-quoc-co-dai-thuoc-sung.html\",\"name\":\"T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t minh c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i: Thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2022-01-25T01:08:39+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-05-12T03:20:50+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/#\/schema\/person\/d39853a2b0e6235cdad43189e4cbd085\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2022\/01\/tu-dai-phat-minh-cua-trung-quoc-co-dai-thuoc-sung.html#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2022\/01\/tu-dai-phat-minh-cua-trung-quoc-co-dai-thuoc-sung.html\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2022\/01\/tu-dai-phat-minh-cua-trung-quoc-co-dai-thuoc-sung.html#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t minh c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i: Thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/\",\"name\":\"Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net\",\"description\":\"Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/#\/schema\/person\/d39853a2b0e6235cdad43189e4cbd085\",\"name\":\"editor_n\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/477cfe79ccaed8cd40df0d7aaa67e353ae2abbab5c5e604c00a2fa48794ede02?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/477cfe79ccaed8cd40df0d7aaa67e353ae2abbab5c5e604c00a2fa48794ede02?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"editor_n\"},\"url\":\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/author\/editorn\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t minh c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i: Thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2022\/01\/tu-dai-phat-minh-cua-trung-quoc-co-dai-thuoc-sung.html","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t minh c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i: Thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net","og_description":"[ChanhKien.org] 1. Th\u1ea7n T\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o v\u0169 kh\u00ed L\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh, \u0111\u00e1 ti\u00eau (Kali Nitrat – KNO\u2083) v\u00e0 than (b\u1ed9t than) l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang trong th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m Kh\u00e1nh L\u1ecbch tri\u1ec1u B\u1eafc T\u1ed1ng (t\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1044 […]","og_url":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2022\/01\/tu-dai-phat-minh-cua-trung-quoc-co-dai-thuoc-sung.html","og_site_name":"Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net","article_published_time":"2022-01-25T01:08:39+00:00","article_modified_time":"2025-05-12T03:20:50+00:00","author":"editor_n","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"editor_n","Est. reading time":"16 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2022\/01\/tu-dai-phat-minh-cua-trung-quoc-co-dai-thuoc-sung.html#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2022\/01\/tu-dai-phat-minh-cua-trung-quoc-co-dai-thuoc-sung.html"},"author":{"name":"editor_n","@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/#\/schema\/person\/d39853a2b0e6235cdad43189e4cbd085"},"headline":"T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t minh c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i: Thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang","datePublished":"2022-01-25T01:08:39+00:00","dateModified":"2025-05-12T03:20:50+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2022\/01\/tu-dai-phat-minh-cua-trung-quoc-co-dai-thuoc-sung.html"},"wordCount":3118,"keywords":["T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t minh"],"articleSection":["Khoa h\u1ecdc"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2022\/01\/tu-dai-phat-minh-cua-trung-quoc-co-dai-thuoc-sung.html","url":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2022\/01\/tu-dai-phat-minh-cua-trung-quoc-co-dai-thuoc-sung.html","name":"T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t minh c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i: Thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/#website"},"datePublished":"2022-01-25T01:08:39+00:00","dateModified":"2025-05-12T03:20:50+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/#\/schema\/person\/d39853a2b0e6235cdad43189e4cbd085"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2022\/01\/tu-dai-phat-minh-cua-trung-quoc-co-dai-thuoc-sung.html#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2022\/01\/tu-dai-phat-minh-cua-trung-quoc-co-dai-thuoc-sung.html"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2022\/01\/tu-dai-phat-minh-cua-trung-quoc-co-dai-thuoc-sung.html#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t minh c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i: Thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/#website","url":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/","name":"Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net","description":"Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/#\/schema\/person\/d39853a2b0e6235cdad43189e4cbd085","name":"editor_n","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/477cfe79ccaed8cd40df0d7aaa67e353ae2abbab5c5e604c00a2fa48794ede02?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/477cfe79ccaed8cd40df0d7aaa67e353ae2abbab5c5e604c00a2fa48794ede02?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"editor_n"},"url":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/author\/editorn"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28285","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=28285"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28285\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=28285"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=28285"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=28285"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}