[ChanhKien.org]<\/b><\/p>\n
\u0110o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 hai: Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i phu<\/b><\/p>\n
Ti\u1ebfp theo b\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u00fang ta xem x\u00e9t \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 hai v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c vua Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng quy ch\u00ednh h\u00f4n l\u1ec5.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ea1i \u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau (xem nguy\u00ean v\u0103n \u1edf Ph\u1ea7n 24):<\/p>\n
Vua Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng n\u00f3i: \u201cTr\u1eabm v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n h\u1ecd Th\u00f4i, L\u01b0, L\u00fd, Tr\u1ecbnh \u1edf S\u01a1n \u0110\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00e2n o\u00e1n, ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec h\u1ecd m\u1ea5y \u0111\u1eddi suy vi, m\u1ea5y \u0111\u1eddi nay l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m quan, c\u00f2n t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i phu, khi c\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f2i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n t\u00e0i v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m. C\u00f3 k\u1ebb t\u00e0i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 cho l\u00e0 m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 cao qu\u00fd m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eafc nh\u00e0 cao c\u1eeda r\u1ed9ng, khoe khoang danh v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 t\u00f4ng, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t t\u00e0i, tr\u1eabm kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y nay l\u1ea1i coi tr\u1ecdng h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp n\u00ean c\u00f4ng lao s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p, t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecb cao, k\u00ednh ph\u1ee5ng vua v\u00e0 cha m\u1eb9, trung hi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khen ng\u1ee3i; ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n ngh\u0129a, tr\u01b0\u1edbc nay c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 trong s\u1ea1ch th\u00ec s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00ednh ph\u1ee5c; h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t, tinh th\u00f4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp m\u00f4n h\u1ed9, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1eadc s\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1i phu trong thi\u00ean h\u1ea1. Nay nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd Th\u00f4i, L\u01b0 n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 khoe khoang quan cao t\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, th\u00ec sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 t\u00f4n qu\u00fd? T\u1eeb c\u00f4ng khanh tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1i g\u00ec m\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng cho h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i v\u1eadt, l\u1ea1i tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap cho kh\u00ed th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7u h\u01b0 danh, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, coi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 vinh quang cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. Nay s\u1edf d\u0129 tr\u1eabm mu\u1ed1n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd, th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb quan th\u1ea7n tri\u1ec1u ta ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng lao s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh, l\u1eadp ra \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb t\u00f4n qu\u00fd v\u00e0 danh v\u1ecdng khi\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u k\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng. T\u1ea1i sao Th\u00f4i Can \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c khanh coi th\u01b0\u1eddng quan t\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u1eabm sao? V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u0111\u1eebng nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o m\u1ea5y \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o quan ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i th\u1eddi nay, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ecbnh ra l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c l\u00e2u d\u00e0i\u201d. V\u1eady l\u00e0 li\u1ec7t Th\u00f4i Can v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9 ba.<\/p>\n
Gi\u1ea3i ngh\u0129a:<\/p>\n
\u0110o\u1ea1n v\u0103n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng, vua Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00ec sao nh\u00e0 h\u1ecd Th\u00f4i tr\u1eafng tr\u1ee3n nh\u1eadn s\u00ednh l\u1ec5 ti\u1ec1n t\u00e0i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 c\u0169, th\u1ebf l\u00e0 vua \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn n\u00f3i ra d\u1ee5ng \u00fd c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ng\u00e0i mu\u1ed1n s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p gia t\u1ed9c. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i r\u00f5 ng\u00e0i l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 \u00e2n o\u00e1n m\u00e0 nay d\u00f9ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 h\u1ecd, c\u1ed1 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i \u0111\u00e3i ng\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ea3 gi\u1eadn, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u00ec h\u1ecd ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p, m\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u1edb h\u00f4n l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ti\u1ec1n t\u00e0i v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m. Vua Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng gia t\u1ed9c h\u1ecd m\u1ea5y \u0111\u1eddi suy vi, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0y, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n nh\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m quan kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 do v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00f4 t\u00e0i, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p g\u00e2y n\u00ean. L\u1ea5y s\u00ednh l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ti\u1ec1n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi ch\u1ee9ng minh cho \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ee7 b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 khi\u1ebfn cho gia t\u1ed9c h\u1ecd nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 suy vi, \u0111\u1ebfn nay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m quan. R\u1ea5t hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean vua Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ch\u1ee9c quan trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p, t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i gia t\u1ed9c, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ra \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p. N\u1ebfu x\u1ebfp nh\u1eefng gia t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, th\u00ec c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c khinh nh\u1eddn quan t\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, s\u1ec9 nh\u1ee5c danh gia v\u1ecdng t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ng\u1ee5y qu\u00e2n t\u1eed mang danh h\u00e3o. V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00eam t\u00fac xem x\u00e9t, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c quan l\u1ea1i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n vinh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c danh gia v\u1ecdng t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i phu ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh, v\u1eady m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u1ed1t. Cho n\u00ean, vua Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng m\u1edbi ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n, vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00e0 h\u1ecd Th\u00f4i \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb3ng l\u00e0 khinh nh\u1eddn quan t\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a quan t\u01b0\u1edbc tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh, ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh h\u1ecd ch\u01b0a l\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch. C\u00e1c quan l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u h\u00f9a theo t\u00e2m h\u01b0 vinh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi th\u00ec s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng xem tr\u1ecdng h\u01b0 vinh, \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd, dung d\u01b0\u1ee1ng cho c\u00e1i x\u1ea5u.<\/p>\n
T\u1eeb \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u1ed9i tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a vua Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i phu. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0, hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ee9c th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u1edbi l\u00e0 s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i phu? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee7 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i phu? M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn to l\u1edbn cho qu\u1ed1c gia, d\u1ef1ng l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng t\u00edch to l\u1edbn, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong quan t\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t cao, tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 to\u00e0n t\u00e2m to\u00e0n \u00fd tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 tr\u1ecb v\u00ec qu\u1ed1c gia, trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung ph\u1ee5ng cha m\u1eb9 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Theo l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a vua Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng th\u00ec ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201cthi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 qu\u00e2n ph\u1ee5, trung hi\u1ebfu kh\u1ea3 x\u01b0ng\u201d (ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi vua v\u00e0 cha m\u1eb9, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung hi\u1ebfu), v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y, c\u00f4ng t\u00edch m\u00e0 h\u1ecd l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ch\u1ee9ng minh cho s\u1ef1 trung hi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m v\u00e0o trung hi\u1ebfu. C\u00f2n m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ee9c song to\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00ednh ph\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ngh\u1ec7 x\u01b0a nay \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ca t\u1ee5ng. Nh\u1eefng gia t\u1ed9c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady tuy r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan cao hi\u1ec3n qu\u00fd, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 danh gia v\u1ecdng t\u1ed9c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb trong th\u1ebf gian, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf gian, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i phu.<\/p>\n
T\u1ee9c l\u00e0, d\u00f9 thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c danh hi\u1ec7u s\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1i phu \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1o ngh\u0129a trung hi\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem tr\u1ecdng trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u1edf th\u1ebf gian (hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ef9 phu hi\u1ec7n nay). H\u1ecd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o ngh\u0129a, l\u00e0 t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi noi theo. H\u1ecd t\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00e0y. V\u00ec th\u1ebf vua Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng m\u1edbi gi\u00e1ng h\u1ecd Th\u00f4i xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9 ba.<\/p>\n
Ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 nh\u1eefng gia t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn th\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u00f4ng quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m, c\u01b0\u01a1ng ngh\u1ecb quy ch\u00ednh l\u1ea1i phong t\u1ee5c, quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng nu\u00f4ng chi\u1ec1u m\u1ed9t ai. T\u1ef1 th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf v\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb quan \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111i \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u00ec v\u1eady m\u1edbi n\u00f3i vua Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng l\u00e0 v\u1ecb vua th\u00e2n ch\u00ednh t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1edbi gi\u00fap \u00f4ng nh\u00ecn ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u00e2u xa, nh\u00ecn ra b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Y\u1ebfu l\u0129nh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng lu\u00f4n g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ee9c, s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9 l\u1edbn hay nh\u1ecf \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u d\u00f9ng th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m, s\u1ef1 anh minh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n
\u0110o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 ba: \u0110\u1ea1o h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, l\u1ea5y nh\u00e2n ngh\u0129a l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7u (nguy\u00ean v\u0103n xem Ph\u1ea7n 24)<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ea1i \u00fd:<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m Trinh Qu\u00e1n th\u1ee9 12, b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch \u201cTh\u1ecb t\u1ed9c ch\u00ed\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 100 quy\u1ec3n, ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Sau \u0111\u00f3 vua Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfu xu\u1ed1ng: Gia t\u1ed9c cao th\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecbnh theo quan t\u01b0\u1edbc (th\u1eddi x\u01b0a, t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed5, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ra t\u1eeb th\u1eddi vua Thu\u1ea5n, ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh n\u0103m \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng, h\u1ea7u, b\u00e1, t\u1eed, nam), ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u00e2n ngh\u0129a l\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u. T\u1eeb khi B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, B\u1eafc T\u1ec1 di\u1ec7t vong, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, phong t\u1ee5c c\u0169ng suy b\u1ea1i. Gia t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Y\u00ean, Tri\u1ec7u ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e2u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra l\u00e0m quan, qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ec1, H\u00e0n l\u1ea1i vi ph\u1ea1m l\u1ec5 ngh\u0129a. Gia t\u1ed9c \u1edf c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u huy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 danh ti\u1ebfng; t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham lam, l\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 th\u1ed5i ph\u1ed3ng h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i t\u00f4n qu\u00fd, kh\u00f4ng coi tr\u1ecdng l\u1ec5 nghi h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft c\u1eady danh v\u1ecdng \u0111\u00f2i t\u00e0i v\u1eadt, g\u1ea3 con g\u00e1i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i g\u1ea3 cho nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi l\u00e0m quan v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 t\u1ed5 t\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y, tranh nhau k\u1ebft th\u00e2n v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, t\u1eb7ng cho h\u1ecd nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c l\u1ee5a l\u00e0, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 mua b\u00e1n. Hai b\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p gia t\u1ed9c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec ch\u1ecbu s\u1ec9 nh\u1ee5c m\u00e0 k\u1ebft quan h\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng gia; c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khoe khoang d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh x\u1eed v\u00f4 l\u1ec5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t cha m\u1eb9 ch\u1ed3ng. Nh\u1eefng th\u00f3i x\u1ea5u n\u00e0y t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e2u, t\u00edch th\u00e0nh phong t\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3i bi\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n lu\u00e2n, l\u1ea1i t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn danh gi\u00e1o. Tr\u1eabm s\u1edbm t\u1ed1i c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c, suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ec7 n\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ee9 h\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n thay \u0111\u1ed5i. T\u1eeb nay v\u1ec1 sau, ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m cho b\u00e0n d\u00e2n thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3u quy t\u1eafc nghi l\u1ec5 trong h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u1ec5 ph\u00e9p, d\u1ef1a theo l\u1ec5 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh m\u00e0 l\u00e0m, th\u00ec m\u1edbi h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00e2m \u00fd c\u1ee7a tr\u1eabm\u201d.<\/p>\n
Gi\u1ea3i ngh\u0129a:<\/p>\n
\u0110o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a hai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 vi\u1ec7c vua Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng quy ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c gia t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecb, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 quy ch\u00ednh phong t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. Phong t\u1ee5c b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb l\u00e2u, t\u1eeb th\u1eddi B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n, Trung Nguy\u00ean b\u1ecb chia c\u1eaft, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 T\u00f9y, phong t\u1ee5c b\u1ecb h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n th\u1eddi gian l\u00e2u, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng tr\u01b0\u1ee3t d\u1ed1c. Kh\u00f4ng \u00edt c\u00e1c danh gia v\u1ecdng t\u1ed9c x\u01b0a kia, nay \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb n\u1eefa, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m phong t\u1ee5c h\u1ee7 b\u1ea1i, trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi h\u1ee7 b\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n th\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n ki\u1ebfm ti\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ea3o lo\u1ea1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o hi\u1ebfu, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng x\u1ea5u.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y n\u00f3i l\u00ean r\u1eb1ng, vi\u1ec7c vua Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng quy ch\u00ednh h\u00f4n l\u1ec5, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t trong r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng th\u00f3i h\u01b0 t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng tr\u01b0\u1ee3t d\u1ed1c t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eb1m quy ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed1n qu\u1ed1c gia, gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. \u00d4ng mu\u1ed1n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u00ec sao c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i quy ch\u00ednh h\u00f4n l\u1ec5, v\u00ec sao vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft h\u00f4n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u1ec5 ngh\u0129a, suy cho c\u00f9ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 quy ch\u00ednh nh\u00e2n t\u00e2m, quy ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi; c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u1edbi c\u1ea7n s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 gi\u00e1ng h\u1ea1 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng gia t\u1ed9c l\u00e0m tr\u00e1i l\u1ec5 ngh\u0129a h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm ti\u1ec1n t\u00e0i, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh ra v\u00e0 ban b\u1ed1 l\u1ec5 ch\u1ebf h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n
V\u00ec v\u1eady vua Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u00e2n ngh\u0129a l\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4ng quy ch\u00ednh h\u00f4n l\u1ec5. D\u00f9 \u00f4ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n l\u1ea5y c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nh\u00e2n ngh\u0129a l\u00e0m t\u00f4n ch\u1ec9. H\u00f4n l\u1ec5 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh, s\u1ebd xa hoa ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o ti\u1ec1n v\u1eadt, chu\u1ed9ng h\u01b0 vinh, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, cho d\u00f9 h\u00f4n l\u1ec5 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c long tr\u1ecdng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o th\u00ec v\u1eabn m\u1ea5t \u0111i \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n. \u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec3m cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 quy ch\u00ednh h\u00f4n l\u1ec5, th\u00ec t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean s\u1ebd danh ch\u00ednh ng\u00f4n thu\u1eadn, kh\u00f4ng ai kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n