{"id":27841,"date":"2021-09-05T14:04:29","date_gmt":"2021-09-05T14:04:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?p=27841"},"modified":"2025-05-31T03:48:03","modified_gmt":"2025-05-30T20:48:03","slug":"than-thoai-hon-loan-va-tu-tuong-triet-hoc-truyen-thong-phan-5","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2021\/09\/than-thoai-hon-loan-va-tu-tuong-triet-hoc-truyen-thong-phan-5.html","title":{"rendered":"Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng (Ph\u1ea7n 5)"},"content":{"rendered":"

[ChanhKien.org]<\/b><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb \u201ctri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc\u201d ch\u1eef Latin l\u00e0 \u201cPhilosophia\u201d, c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u201c\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u201d, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a \u201cPhilos\u201d ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, v\u00e0 \u201cSophia\u201d ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00ecnh y\u00eau tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7\u201d. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 \u201ct\u1eeb bi\u201d v\u00e0 \u201chu\u1ec7 ng\u1ed9\u201d trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, hay \u201ct\u00ecnh y\u00eau\u201d trong C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu luy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng quen nh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a d\u01b0\u1edbi con m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt\u201d khi xem x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Thales \u201cn\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt\u201d, th\u00ec \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, \u00f4ng theo \u201cch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt\u201d m\u00e0 c\u1ed1 \u00fd qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb hi\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u0169ng t\u1eebng n\u00f3i \u201cv\u1ea1n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 linh\u201d.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu luy\u1ec7n sau khi khai tr\u00ed khai hu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea1n s\u1ef1 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3 v\u0129 m\u00f4 v\u00e0 vi m\u00f4. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng 2.600 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, Thales, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a ra ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng hai \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 khai m\u1edf tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

Thales c\u0169ng tin r\u1eb1ng, Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gia r\u1eb1ng N\u00fai Tu Di (Sumeru) \u1edf tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fa \u00fd m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea7ng t\u1ea7ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng gian kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong kinh s\u00e1ch, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft bao tr\u00f9m v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00f3i: \u201cT\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng phong ph\u00fa \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eady\u201d. H\u1ecd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 cho r\u1eb1ng, nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng gian kh\u00e1c trong h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1n kinh Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o t\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 do ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u bi\u00ean t\u1ea1o n\u00ean. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u01b0 duy logic b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quy k\u1ebft h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a, b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a c\u0169ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng si\u00eau th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng gian kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi khi mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang, k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu luy\u1ec7n nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y, nghe th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n

T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u201cPhaedo\u201d c\u1ee7a Plato ghi l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n Socrates v\u1ec1 Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t \u1edf kh\u00f4ng gian kh\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi, g\u1ed3m s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u, m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t, s\u1ef1 r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i, h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1 qu\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n d\u00e0i n\u00e0y, v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n b\u1ecb c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ecf qua. Nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 h\u1ecd nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y t\u1eadn m\u1eaft m\u00e0 c\u00f2n coi ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, th\u1ebf th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u201ct\u00ecnh y\u00eau tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7\u201d?<\/p>\n

Trong cu\u1ed1n \u201cSi\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc\u201d (Metaphysica), Aristotle \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i: \u201cM\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng, ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch xa th\u1eddi nay, trong m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 Th\u1ea7n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, h\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng Th\u1ea7n Oceanus (v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7n cai qu\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00f4ng ng\u00f2i bao quanh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi) v\u00e0 Th\u1ea7n Thetis (n\u1eef th\u1ea7n bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 ban \u0111\u1ea7u) l\u00e0 cha m\u1eb9 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Trong c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 th\u1ec1, v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cStyx\u201d (Styx, con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a hai v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7n n\u00f3i tr\u00ean). Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ec1 h\u1eb3n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh, thi\u00eang li\u00eang nh\u1ea5t\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u0110o\u1ea1n v\u0103n n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Aristotle tham chi\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Homer. Styx l\u00e0 con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a hai v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y Hy L\u1ea1p Oceanus v\u00e0 Thetis, cai qu\u1ea3n s\u00f4ng Styx. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c Th\u1ea7n Titan c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, Styx \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Zeus trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn Titan (Titanomachy). Sau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, t\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 linh thi\u00eang v\u00e0 danh d\u1ef1 trong c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh Olympus, v\u00ec v\u1eady sau n\u00e0y c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7n l\u1ea5y t\u00ean Styx \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec1. Theo Homer, l\u1eddi th\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n danh Styx l\u00e0 l\u1eddi th\u1ec1 thi\u00eang li\u00eang nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7n n\u00e0o l\u00e0m tr\u00e1i l\u1eddi th\u1ec1 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t.<\/p>\n

Trong quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y nay, v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu d\u00f9ng quan ni\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a th\u00ec s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u sai ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1eddi X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tri\u1ebft gia Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ecb g\u00e1n cho l\u00e0 \u201cch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt\u201d m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn Th\u1ea7n, c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1u li\u00ean quan m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7n, tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ra th\u00e0nh hai th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

Trong \u0111\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft b\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kho\u1ea3ng 2.500 n\u0103m, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u201c\u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda v\u00e0 kh\u00ed\u201d c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u201cch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt\u201d. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ed5 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca c\u0169ng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u201ct\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d g\u1ed3m \u201c\u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda v\u00e0 gi\u00f3\u201d, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nhau kh\u00f4ng? N\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u201cch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt\u201d sao?<\/p>\n

\u1ede Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c tu h\u00e0nh h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u (ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c tu h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi Th\u1ea7n linh). Theo ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ecbch s\u1eed tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc th\u00ec l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft b\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ea7y chi\u00eam tinh Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Empedocles v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb b\u1ed1n v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh: Th\u1ea7n Zeus, v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7n V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u201cL\u1eeda\u201d, v\u00ec \u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ea5m s\u00e9t. Th\u1ea7n Hera, v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7n Ho\u00e0ng H\u1eadu l\u00e0 m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u201cKh\u00ed\u201d. Th\u1ea7n Bi\u1ec3n Poseidon, ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh em c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7n V\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u201cN\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d. C\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh em kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Th\u1ea7n Zeus l\u00e0 Di\u00eam V\u01b0\u01a1ng Hades cai qu\u1ea3n c\u00f5i \u00e2m, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u00ec v\u1eady t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u201c\u0110\u1ea5t\u201d.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 Th\u1ea7n linh kh\u00e1c nhau tham gia v\u00e0o. L\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt quen thu\u1ed9c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 b\u1ed9t m\u00e0u. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ed9t m\u00e0u ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0110\u1ea5t. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh xay nghi\u1ec1n b\u1ed9t n\u00e0y t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4, n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1eeda s\u1ea1ch, l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u1ecfng, th\u00eam ch\u1ea5t k\u1ebft d\u00ednh v.v., v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ch\u1ee9a nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 N\u01b0\u1edbc. Khi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ed9t m\u00e0u, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua quy tr\u00ecnh nung v\u00e0 l\u00e0m kh\u00f4 trong kh\u00ed, n\u00ean c\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 L\u1eeda v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 Kh\u00ed tham gia. Do \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ed9t m\u00e0u bao g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ea5t, N\u01b0\u1edbc, L\u1eeda v\u00e0 Kh\u00ed t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh. V\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00f3 Th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ee9ng sau nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, n\u00ean ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u m\u00e0u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Th\u1ea7n \u1edf ph\u00eda sau. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt do Th\u1ea7n l\u00e0m ra ho\u1eb7c do Th\u1ea7n d\u1ea1y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra, th\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ebd Th\u1ea7n linh, d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c tranh \u0111\u1ec3 ca ng\u1ee3i c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Th\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t huy th\u1ea7n t\u00ednh trong \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u m\u00e0u n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\u1ea2nh minh ho\u1ea1: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 trong kh\u00f4ng gian v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u0129 m\u00f4 do h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Robert Fludd v\u1ebd v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1617. H\u00ecnh v\u1ebd n\u00e0y l\u1ea5y Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m, t\u1eeb trong ra \u0111\u1ebfn ngo\u00e0i l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5: \u0110\u1ea5t (Terra, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t n\u1eb1m \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t trong h\u00ecnh), N\u01b0\u1edbc (Aqua), Kh\u00ed (Aer) v\u00e0 L\u1eeda (Ignis). [L\u01b0u \u00fd: th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau theo c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau]. V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 quan v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh trong l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i. B\u1ee9c tranh n\u00e0y to\u00e1t l\u00ean s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a c\u1ee7a \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 r\u1eb1ng \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 th\u00f4ng qua c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u00e2m thanh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1.<\/p>\n

L\u00fd lu\u1eadn b\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 2.000 n\u0103m trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. Ngay c\u1ea3 trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn h\u1ed9i ho\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a Leonardo da Vinci c\u0169ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf b\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1, so v\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Michel-Eug\u00e8ne Chevreul hay Jean-Georges Vibert, v\u1ed1n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong gi\u1edbi m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng n\u00f3 c\u00f2n thu\u1ea7n ph\u00e1c c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n

Ghi ch\u00fa:<\/p>\n

V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 quan: S\u1ef1 xem x\u00e9t, suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt, ho\u1eb7c n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 quan l\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt di\u1ec5n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

(C\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp)<\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch t\u1eeb: http:\/\/www.zhengjian.org\/node\/26806<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[ChanhKien.org] T\u1eeb \u201ctri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc\u201d ch\u1eef Latin l\u00e0 \u201cPhilosophia\u201d, c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u201c\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u201d, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a \u201cPhilos\u201d ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, v\u00e0 \u201cSophia\u201d ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00ecnh y\u00eau tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7\u201d. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 \u201ct\u1eeb bi\u201d v\u00e0 \u201chu\u1ec7 ng\u1ed9\u201d trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, hay […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":27842,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[304,103],"tags":[356],"class_list":["post-27841","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-loat-bai","category-vanhoa-truyenthong","tag-tu-tuong-triet-hoc-truyen-thong"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nTh\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng (Ph\u1ea7n 5) - 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