{"id":27773,"date":"2021-08-16T14:10:21","date_gmt":"2021-08-16T14:10:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?p=27773"},"modified":"2025-05-31T03:48:09","modified_gmt":"2025-05-30T20:48:09","slug":"than-thoai-hon-loan-va-tu-tuong-triet-hoc-truyen-thong-phan-4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2021\/08\/than-thoai-hon-loan-va-tu-tuong-triet-hoc-truyen-thong-phan-4.html","title":{"rendered":"Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng (Ph\u1ea7n 4)"},"content":{"rendered":"

[ChanhKien.org]<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1ed1ng nhau, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n trong Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u tin v\u00e0o Th\u1ea7n n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201ct\u00f4n gi\u00e1o\u201d, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb \u201ct\u00f4n gi\u00e1o\u201d n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f4i khi, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201ctri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc\u201d. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong cu\u1ed1n \u201cT\u1eeb m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u2013 Ph\u1ea7n 2\u201d r\u1eb1ng, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00f4n tu luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu h\u00e0nh m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca v\u00e0 L\u00e3o T\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y. X\u00e9t theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

L\u1ea5y t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Pythagoras l\u00e0m v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, hi\u1ec7n nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta x\u1ebfp Pythagoras l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Pythagoras l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Pythagoras c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, n\u00ean khi gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Hy L\u1ea1p, tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft Hy L\u1ea1p th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ph\u00e0m phu t\u1ee5c t\u1eed thi\u1ebfu tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 quen t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n theo logic v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 th\u1ea5y h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa. Trong c\u1ed1t truy\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh h\u00f3a, nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 t\u00e0 \u00e1c h\u00f3a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7n. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tri\u1ebft gia v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 kh\u00e1 c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00f4 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 n\u00e0y. L\u1ed1i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd Apollo \u1edf Delphi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ba c\u00e2u ch\u00e2m ng\u00f4n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng: \u201cH\u00e3y nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh\u201d, \u201cB\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cTh\u1ec1 th\u1ed1t b\u1eeba b\u00e3i th\u00ec tai h\u1ecda s\u1ebd \u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn\u201d, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y kh\u00e1c nhau. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 nghi l\u1ec5 huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Eleusis y\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u01b0\u1eddi khi\u00eau d\u00e2m, t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia nghi l\u1ec5 ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i v\u1edbi nhau nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd th\u00f4 t\u1ee5c, h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u v.v. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 sau n\u00e0y, khi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c d\u00e2n ch\u00fang b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng d\u00e2m lo\u1ea1n tr\u00e0n lan \u1edf \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd Th\u1ea7n T\u00ecnh Y\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

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Tranh ph\u1ee5c d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd Th\u1ea7n Apollo \u1edf Delphi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c di t\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p Joseph Albert Tournaire v\u1ebd v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1894. (H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng internet)<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t coi tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3i th\u1ecb t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a Th\u1ea7n (Oracle). B\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, khi h\u1ecd g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba (th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3i th\u1ecb, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n th\u00ec s\u1ebd gi\u00e1ng l\u1eddi Th\u1ea7n d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p. T\u1ebf t\u01b0 ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u00ean tr\u00e1ch trong ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi Th\u1ea7n d\u1ee5 th\u00e0nh th\u1ec3 v\u0103n v\u1ea7n, th\u01a1 ca \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n. Theo ghi ch\u00e9p, l\u1eddi Th\u1ea7n d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Th\u1ea7n Apollo \u1edf \u0111\u1ec1n Delphi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 linh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u1ea5t, v\u00ec v\u1eady \u0111\u1ec1n Delphi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 VIII tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Khi Th\u00e1nh Socrates c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng, l\u1eddi Th\u1ea7n d\u1ee5 \u1edf \u0111\u1ec1n Delphi \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5: \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u00f3 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 h\u01a1n Socrates\u201d. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 phi ph\u00e0m c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi Th\u1ea7n d\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m d\u1ea5y l\u00ean r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ghen t\u1ecb. V\u00ec v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c Socrates b\u1ecb c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh sau cu\u1ed9c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ed3i th\u1ea9m \u0111o\u00e0n g\u1ed3m 500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

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\u1ea2nh minh ho\u1ea1: T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Socrates tr\u01b0\u1edbc H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Athens. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Leonidas Drosis v\u00e0 Attilio Picarelli. Trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u tin v\u00e0o Th\u1ea7n, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ed3i th\u1ea9m \u0111o\u00e0n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ghen gh\u00e9t, c\u0103m gh\u00e9t Socrates m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 l\u00fd c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u tin v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft Th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n d\u01b0\u1edbi chi\u00eau b\u00e0i k\u00ednh Th\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

Chuy\u1ec7n c\u00e1c Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t v\u00ec ham mu\u1ed1n \u00edch k\u1ef7 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n l\u1ea1. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n vua Herod t\u00e0n s\u00e1t tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi trong Kinh Th\u00e1nh: Vua Herod nghe tin xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n thi\u00ean t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ecb vua m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1ng sinh, th\u00ec coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda v\u00e0 ph\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i t\u00ecm. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sai \u0111i t\u00ecm \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c Thi\u00ean s\u1ee9 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf, v\u00ec v\u1eady h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng quay l\u1ea1i b\u1ea9m b\u00e1o v\u1edbi vua Herod. Vua Herod kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ra l\u1ec7nh th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n hai tu\u1ed5i t\u1ea1i Bethlehem, qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu trong th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u1ea3 \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng l\u1eabn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n v\u00ec h\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian li\u1ec1n t\u00e0n s\u00e1t b\u1eeba b\u00e3i, ho\u1eb7c th\u00f4ng qua gi\u1ea3i ngh\u0129a nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ti\u00ean tri \u0111\u1ec3 xem ai l\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai m\u00e0 gi\u1ebft ch\u00f3c. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, trong c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c s\u1eafc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c, s\u01b0 tr\u1ee5 tr\u00ec v\u00e0 c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb tham lam v\u00e0 b\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7n. \u1ede Trung Qu\u1ed1c m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quan ch\u1ee9c tham nh\u0169ng tin v\u00e0o phong th\u1ee7y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u201cm\u00ea t\u00edn\u201d, tuy nhi\u00ean tin v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng tham nh\u0169ng, h\u1ee7 b\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 ra m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1: n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u00e2m t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, cho d\u00f9 h\u1ecd tin v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Th\u1ea7n, th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tin v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i hay kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc \u1ee9ng x\u1eed v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u00e2n x\u1eed th\u1ebf xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh, quan ni\u1ec7m, t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng\u2026. N\u00f3i \u0111\u00fang ra, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Th\u1ea7n m\u00e0 b\u1ecf qua nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec lo\u1ea1i \u201cni\u1ec1m tin\u201d n\u00e0y gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 hi\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi coi tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00e2m t\u00ednh, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y nay coi ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Thales (Thales of Miletus) (kho\u1ea3ng 624 TCN-548\/545 TCN), m\u1ed9t trong \u201cb\u1ea3y nh\u00e0 hi\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d, ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean v\u0103n, \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd v\u00e0 \u0111i ti\u00ean phong trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Milesia, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ra, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u00f4ng l\u00e0m l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc, m\u00e0 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 si\u00eau n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00ec \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Theo cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u201cL\u1ecbch s\u1eed\u201d (Histories) do Herodotus bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, \u0110\u1ea1i hi\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft Thales \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 585 TCN. Trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u201cPolitics\u201d (Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb) c\u1ee7a Aristotle \u200b\u200bk\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n Thales d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 thu ho\u1ea1ch \u00f4 liu b\u1ed9i thu v\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng n\u0103m t\u1edbi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 quen g\u00e1n cho nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc phong ph\u00fa c\u1ee7a Thales, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u201ccha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i sao h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129, l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u00e0o 2600 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e0o v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n?<\/p>\n

Thay v\u00ec khi\u00ean c\u01b0\u1ee1ng g\u00e1n gh\u00e9p nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m n\u00e0y do c\u00f4ng lao c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n h\u1ebft n\u00ean th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn ch\u00fang c\u00f3 mang \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ti\u00ean tri, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a nh\u00e2n t\u00e2m. L\u1ea5y v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Aristotle k\u1ec3: C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 hi\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i Thales \u1edf th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 l\u00e0m kinh doanh, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc n\u00ean \u00f4ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ngh\u00e8o h\u01a1n, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch \u00f4ng v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u00edch. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Thales \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 thu ho\u1ea1ch \u00f4 liu b\u1ed9i thu v\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng n\u0103m t\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n cho thu\u00ea c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng \u00e9p d\u1ea7u \u1edf Miletus v\u00e0 Chios v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c cho thu\u00ea x\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1ea7u trong n\u0103m th\u1ee9 hai. Aristotle n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, Thales \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u201cch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia mu\u1ed1n th\u00ec r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau theo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd\u201d.<\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch t\u1eeb: http:\/\/www.zhengjian.org\/node\/268063<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[ChanhKien.org] T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc C\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1ed1ng nhau, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n trong Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. 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