{"id":27675,"date":"2021-07-24T11:25:09","date_gmt":"2021-07-24T11:25:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?p=27675"},"modified":"2025-08-03T14:11:05","modified_gmt":"2025-08-03T07:11:05","slug":"than-thoai-hon-loan-va-tu-tuong-triet-hoc-truyen-thong-phan-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2021\/07\/than-thoai-hon-loan-va-tu-tuong-triet-hoc-truyen-thong-phan-1.html","title":{"rendered":"Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng (Ph\u1ea7n 1)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>[ChanhKien.org]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Trong ti&#7871;n tr&igrave;nh l&#7883;ch s&#7917;, kh&aacute;i ni&#7879;m &ldquo;v&#259;n h&oacute;a truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng&rdquo; bao h&agrave;m ph&#7841;m vi r&#7845;t l&#7899;n v&agrave; ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p. C&aacute;c d&acirc;n t&#7897;c, qu&#7889;c gia v&agrave; khu v&#7921;c kh&aacute;c nhau c&oacute; nh&#7919;ng n&#7873;n v&#259;n h&oacute;a truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng ri&ecirc;ng bi&#7879;t, r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u n&#7873;n v&#259;n minh c&oacute; l&#7883;ch s&#7917; l&acirc;u &#273;&#7901;i, th&#7853;m ch&iacute; c&oacute; t&#7915; th&#7901;i &#273;&#7841;i th&#7847;n tho&#7841;i. Nh&igrave;n chung, trong c&aacute;c th&#7901;i k&#7923; v&#259;n h&oacute;a truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng c&#7911;a c&aacute;c d&acirc;n t&#7897;c &#7903; ph&#432;&#417;ng T&acirc;y th&igrave; &ldquo;V&#259;n h&oacute;a Hy L&#7841;p c&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i v&agrave; v&#259;n h&oacute;a Do Th&aacute;i&rdquo; c&oacute; s&#7913;c lan t&#7887;a r&#7897;ng l&#7899;n nh&#7845;t v&#7873; ph&#7841;m vi v&agrave; c&oacute; s&#7913;c &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng l&#7899;n nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7871;n c&aacute;c th&#7871; h&#7879; sau, do &#273;&oacute; n&oacute; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c mi&ecirc;u t&#7843; nh&#432; hai ch&acirc;n c&#7911;a n&#7873;n v&#259;n minh truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng ph&#432;&#417;ng T&acirc;y.<\/p>\n<p>Th&#7901;i k&#7923; &ldquo;Ph&#7909;c h&#432;ng&rdquo; th&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nh&#7855;c &#273;&#7871;n trong v&#259;n h&oacute;a ph&#432;&#417;ng T&acirc;y &#273;&atilde; c&oacute; &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng s&acirc;u r&#7897;ng &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng, v&#259;n h&#7885;c, ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t v&agrave; nhi&#7873;u l&#297;nh v&#7921;c kh&aacute;c c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i. Th&#7901;i k&#7923; n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; l&agrave;m &ldquo;ph&#7909;c h&#432;ng&rdquo; h&#7879; th&#7889;ng v&#259;n h&oacute;a ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t t&#7915;ng r&#7845;t huy ho&agrave;ng &#7903; Hy L&#7841;p v&agrave; La M&atilde; c&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i, ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n kh&aacute;c v&#7899;i v&#259;n minh C&#417; &#272;&#7889;c gi&aacute;o &#7903; Ch&acirc;u &Acirc;u. T&#7845;t nhi&ecirc;n, v&#7873; qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh ph&#7909;c h&#432;ng ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p n&agrave;y, t&ocirc;i &#273;&atilde; n&oacute;i v&#7873; m&#7897;t s&#7889; t&igrave;nh hu&#7889;ng li&ecirc;n quan trong c&aacute;c b&agrave;i b&aacute;o l&#7883;ch s&#7917; m&#7929; thu&#7853;t tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&acirc;y n&ecirc;n &#7903; &#273;&acirc;y kh&ocirc;ng nh&#7855;c l&#7841;i n&#7919;a. N&#7897;i dung b&agrave;i vi&#7871;t n&agrave;y quay v&#7873; th&#7901;i Hy L&#7841;p v&agrave; La M&atilde; c&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i, ch&uacute;ng ta s&#7869; b&agrave;n lu&#7853;n t&#7915; c&aacute;c c&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n th&#7847;n tho&#7841;i c&#7893; x&#432;a, xuy&ecirc;n qua l&#7899;p s&#432;&#417;ng m&ugrave; &#273;&#7875; c&oacute; c&aacute;i nh&igrave;n &#273;&uacute;ng &#273;&#7855;n v&#7873; l&#7883;ch s&#7917;.<\/p>\n<p><b>S&#7921; h&#7895;n lo&#7841;n c&#7911;a Th&#7847;n tho&#7841;i<\/b><\/p>\n<p>N&#259;m ngo&aacute;i, c&aacute;c k&ecirc;nh truy&#7873;n th&ocirc;ng l&#7899;n tr&ecirc;n th&#7871; gi&#7899;i &#273;&#7873;u &#273;&#432;a m&#7897;t th&ocirc;ng tin g&acirc;y s&#7889;c: Trong cu&#7889;n s&aacute;ch gi&aacute;o khoa &ldquo;&#272;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c ngh&#7873; nghi&#7879;p v&agrave; ph&aacute;p lu&#7853;t&rdquo; do B&#7897; Gi&aacute;o d&#7909;c Trung Qu&#7889;c ph&ecirc; duy&#7879;t v&agrave; xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n n&#259;m 2018, c&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n Ch&uacute;a Gi&ecirc;-su &acirc;n x&aacute; cho ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7909; n&#7919; ph&#7841;m t&#7897;i &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; xuy&ecirc;n t&#7841;c th&agrave;nh Ch&uacute;a Gi&ecirc;-su n&eacute;m &#273;&aacute; ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7909; n&#7919; cho &#273;&#7871;n ch&#7871;t. S&aacute;ch gi&aacute;o khoa n&agrave;y c&#361;ng tr&iacute;ch d&#7851;n c&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n Ch&uacute;a Gi&ecirc;-su tha th&#7913; cho t&#7897;i ngo&#7841;i t&igrave;nh trong ch&#432;&#417;ng 8 &ldquo;Ph&uacute;c &acirc;m John&rdquo; trong &ldquo;Kinh Th&aacute;nh T&acirc;n &#431;&#7899;c&rdquo;.<\/p>\n<p>Nguy&ecirc;n v&#259;n c&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c k&#7875; l&#7841;i nh&#432; sau: &ldquo;H&#7885; c&#7913; kh&ocirc;ng ng&#7915;ng h&#7887;i, Ch&uacute;a Gi&ecirc;-su li&#7873;n &#273;&#7913;ng d&#7853;y n&oacute;i v&#7899;i h&#7885;: &lsquo;Ai trong c&aacute;c ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; t&#7897;i, th&igrave; h&atilde;y l&#7845;y &#273;&aacute; n&eacute;m c&ocirc; &#7845;y tr&#432;&#7899;c! &lsquo; R&#7891;i Ng&agrave;i l&#7841;i c&uacute;i xu&#7889;ng d&ugrave;ng ng&oacute;n tay vi&#7871;t ch&#7919; l&ecirc;n m&#7863;t &#273;&#7845;t. Nghe v&#7853;y, t&#7845;t c&#7843; t&#7915; gi&agrave; &#273;&#7871;n tr&#7867; &#273;&#7873;u b&#7887; &#273;i, ch&#7881; c&ograve;n Ch&uacute;a Gi&ecirc;-su v&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7909; n&#7919; v&#7851;n &#7903; l&#7841;i. &#272;&#7913;c Ch&uacute;a Gi&ecirc;-su &#273;&#7913;ng th&#7859;ng d&#7853;y v&agrave; n&oacute;i v&#7899;i c&ocirc;: &lsquo;N&agrave;y con, nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i kia &#273;&acirc;u r&#7891;i? Kh&ocirc;ng ai &#273;&#7883;nh t&#7897;i con sao?&rsquo; C&ocirc; &#7845;y n&oacute;i, &lsquo;L&#7841;y Ch&uacute;a, kh&ocirc;ng &#7841;.&rsquo; Ch&uacute;a Gi&ecirc;-su n&oacute;i: &lsquo;Ta c&#361;ng s&#7869; kh&ocirc;ng k&#7871;t t&#7897;i con &#273;&acirc;u. H&atilde;y &#273;i &#273;i!&rdquo; T&#7915; nay tr&#7903; &#273;i &#273;&#7915;ng ph&#7841;m t&#7897;i n&#7919;a.'&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>(Tr&iacute;ch t&#7915; b&#7843;n d&#7883;ch Kinh Th&aacute;nh ti&#7871;ng Trung &ldquo;B&#7843;n h&ograve;a h&#7907;p&rdquo; Ph&uacute;c &Acirc;m Gioan Ch&#432;&#417;ng 8)<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/bcc84549a48f485784e790bd691cbf9e-600x336-image.jpg\" width=\"450\" height=\"252\"><\/p>\n<p><i>Trong s&aacute;ch gi&aacute;o khoa &ldquo;&#272;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c ngh&#7873; nghi&#7879;p v&agrave; ph&aacute;p lu&#7853;t&rdquo; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c B&#7897; Gi&aacute;o d&#7909;c Trung Qu&#7889;c ph&ecirc; duy&#7879;t v&agrave; xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n n&#259;m 2018, c&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n Ch&uacute;a Gi&ecirc;-su &acirc;n x&aacute; cho ph&#7909; n&#7919; t&#7897;i ph&#7841;m &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c chuy&#7875;n th&#7875; th&agrave;nh c&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n Ng&agrave;i n&eacute;m &#273;&aacute; ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7909; n&#7919; &#273;&#7871;n ch&#7871;t. Trong h&igrave;nh l&agrave; n&#7897;i dung s&aacute;ch gi&aacute;o khoa b&ocirc;i nh&#7885; Ch&uacute;a Gi&ecirc;-su.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/p2783321a433615179-ss-image.jpg\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\"><\/p>\n<p><i>Trong s&aacute;ch gi&aacute;o khoa &ldquo;&#272;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c ngh&#7873; nghi&#7879;p v&agrave; ph&aacute;p lu&#7853;t&rdquo; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c B&#7897; Gi&aacute;o d&#7909;c Trung Qu&#7889;c ph&ecirc; duy&#7879;t v&agrave; xu&#7845;t b&#7843;n n&#259;m 2018, c&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n Ch&uacute;a Gi&ecirc;-su &acirc;n x&aacute; cho ph&#7909; n&#7919; t&#7897;i ph&#7841;m &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c chuy&#7875;n th&#7875; th&agrave;nh c&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n Ng&agrave;i n&eacute;m &#273;&aacute; ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7909; n&#7919; &#273;&#7871;n ch&#7871;t. Trong h&igrave;nh l&agrave; b&igrave;a s&aacute;ch gi&aacute;o khoa v&agrave; th&ocirc;ng tin li&ecirc;n quan.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, trong s&aacute;ch &ldquo;&#272;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c ngh&#7873; nghi&#7879;p v&agrave; Ph&aacute;p lu&#7853;t&rdquo; &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;i&#7873;u ch&#7881;nh l&#7841;i v&#7899;i n&#7897;i dung ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i. S&aacute;ch vi&#7871;t: &ldquo;C&oacute; l&#7847;n Ch&uacute;a Gi&ecirc;-su n&oacute;i v&#7899;i t&#7845;t c&#7843; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7851;n n&#7897; r&#7857;ng mu&#7889;n gi&#7871;t ch&#7871;t m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7909; n&#7919; &#273;&atilde; ph&#7841;m t&#7897;i: &lsquo;N&#7871;u ai ch&#432;a t&#7915;ng ph&#7841;m l&#7895;i, th&igrave; b&#432;&#7899;c l&ecirc;n gi&#7871;t ch&#7871;t c&ocirc; ta&rsquo;. Nghe xong, m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i d&#7915;ng l&#7841;i kh&ocirc;ng ai b&#432;&#7899;c v&#7873; ph&iacute;a tr&#432;&#7899;c. Khi m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i r&#7901;i &#273;i, Ch&uacute;a Gi&ecirc;-su &#273;&atilde; l&#7845;y &#273;&aacute; &#273;&aacute;nh ch&#7871;t ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7909; n&#7919; v&agrave; n&oacute;i: &lsquo;Ta c&#361;ng l&agrave; t&#7897;i nh&acirc;n. Nh&#432;ng lu&#7853;t ph&aacute;p &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n b&#7903;i ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; l&#7847;m l&#7895;i n&agrave;o th&igrave; lu&#7853;t ph&aacute;p s&#7869; ch&#7871;t&rsquo;. Qua c&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n nh&#7887; n&agrave;y, b&#7841;n nh&igrave;n nh&#7853;n th&#7871; n&agrave;o v&#7873; lu&#7853;t ph&aacute;p?<\/p>\n<p>Th&ocirc;ng tin n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; g&acirc;y n&aacute;o &#273;&#7897;ng tr&ecirc;n to&agrave;n th&#7871; gi&#7899;i, v&agrave; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c k&#7871;t th&uacute;c b&#7857;ng vi&#7879;c thu h&#7891;i l&#7841;i s&aacute;ch gi&aacute;o khoa. M&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7873;u bi&#7871;t r&#7857;ng, s&aacute;ch gi&aacute;o khoa c&oacute; v&#7883; th&#7871; r&#7845;t cao trong c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i s&aacute;ch, r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u th&#7847;y tr&ograve; ng&agrave;y &#273;&ecirc;m nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u, h&#7885;c t&#7853;p, v&agrave; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nhi&#7873;u h&#7885;c gi&#7843; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng. N&#7871;u kh&ocirc;ng hi&#7875;u b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t c&#7911;a c&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n, ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c s&#7869; nh&#7847;m t&#432;&#7903;ng r&#7857;ng Ch&uacute;a Gi&ecirc;-su l&agrave; m&#7897;t k&#7867; gi&#7871;t ng&#432;&#7901;i.<\/p>\n<p>T&#7915; x&#432;a &#273;&#7871;n nay, ngay c&#7843; &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&ocirc;ng theo t&ocirc;n gi&aacute;o, Ch&uacute;a Gi&ecirc;-su lu&ocirc;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c coi l&agrave; h&igrave;nh m&#7851;u v&#7873; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c, nh&#432;ng m&#7897;t b&#7853;c Gi&aacute;c Gi&#7843; nh&#432; v&#7853;y l&#7841;i b&#7883; &#273;&#432;a v&agrave;o s&aacute;ch gi&aacute;o khoa th&#7901;i m&#7841;t th&#7871;, v&agrave; d&#432;&#7899;i s&#7921; thao t&uacute;ng c&#7911;a <a class=\"lar-automated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/chu-giai-tu-vung#ta_linh\" 28738 rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">t&agrave; linh<\/a> lo&#7841;n qu&#7927; b&#7883; &aacute;c &yacute; b&ocirc;i nh&#7885;, h&#7911;y ho&#7841;i thanh danh v&agrave; tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh k&#7867; gi&#7871;t ng&#432;&#7901;i. N&#7871;u ti&#7871;p t&#7909;c l&#432;u gi&#7919; trong s&aacute;ch gi&aacute;o khoa m&agrave; truy&#7873;n b&aacute; tr&agrave;n lan nh&#7919;ng th&ocirc;ng tin sai l&#7879;ch n&agrave;y th&igrave; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i s&#7869; b&#7883; ph&aacute; ho&#7841;i l&#7899;n nh&#432;&#7901;ng n&agrave;o. Ng&agrave;y nay &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i s&aacute;ch gi&aacute;o khoa c&ograve;n x&#7843;y ra t&igrave;nh tr&#7841;ng nghi&ecirc;m tr&#7885;ng &#273;&#7871;n m&#7913;c &#273;&#7897; nh&#432; v&#7853;y, ch&#7859;ng ph&#7843;i trong l&#7883;ch s&#7917; l&acirc;u d&agrave;i, c&aacute;c n&#7873;n v&#259;n h&oacute;a c&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i b&#7883; s&#7917;a &#273;&#7893;i c&#361;ng l&agrave; chuy&#7879;n th&#432;&#7901;ng th&#7845;y &#273;&oacute; sao?<\/p>\n<p>Th&#7847;n tho&#7841;i Hy L&#7841;p c&oacute; tr&#432;&#7899;c th&#7901;i Ch&uacute;a Gi&ecirc;-su truy&#7873;n &#272;&#7841;o trong k&#7927; nguy&ecirc;n v&#259;n minh l&#7847;n n&agrave;y, do &#273;&oacute;, n&oacute; &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; c&#7843;i bi&#7871;n nghi&ecirc;m tr&#7885;ng &#273;&#7871;n m&#7913;c c&aacute;c v&#7883; Th&#7847;n trong Th&#7847;n tho&#7841;i kh&ocirc;ng c&ograve;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c con ng&#432;&#7901;i k&iacute;nh tr&#7885;ng n&#7919;a. Ng&agrave;y nay, t&ecirc;n c&#7911;a v&#7883; Th&#7847;n Hy L&#7841;p c&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i l&agrave; Th&#7847;n Zeus, &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; ng&#432;&#7901;i ta d&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#7863;t t&ecirc;n cho ch&oacute;, th&#7853;m ch&iacute; c&ograve;n s&#7917; d&#7909;ng ph&#7893; bi&#7871;n &#7903; c&aacute;c n&#432;&#7899;c ph&#432;&#417;ng T&acirc;y.<\/p>\n<p>T&#7915; v&#259;n h&oacute;a &#273;&#432;&#7907;c l&#432;u truy&#7873;n &#273;&#7871;n nay, c&oacute; th&#7875; th&#7845;y c&aacute;c v&#7883; Th&#7847;n Hy L&#7841;p c&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i b&#7883; con ng&#432;&#7901;i g&aacute;n cho nhi&#7873;u t&iacute;nh c&aacute;ch ti&ecirc;u c&#7921;c nh&#432; tham lam, h&aacute;o s&#7855;c, ghen tu&ocirc;ng, &#273;&#7897;c &aacute;c. H&#7885; d&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#432; s&#7903; h&#7919;u t&#7845;t c&#7843; nh&#7919;ng ham mu&#7889;n v&agrave; ma t&iacute;nh c&#7911;a k&#7867; x&#7845;u, hi&#7871;m khi th&#7845;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c s&#7921; thi&#7879;n l&#432;&#417;ng v&agrave; ch&iacute;nh ngh&#297;a c&#7911;a h&#7885;. Th&#7847;n Zeus th&#7853;m ch&iacute; c&ograve;n b&#7883; b&ocirc;i nh&#7885; l&agrave; k&#7867; th&#7853;p &aacute;c b&#7845;t x&aacute;. Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, trong s&#7917; s&aacute;ch Hy L&#7841;p c&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i, b&#7841;n c&oacute; th&#7875; th&#7845;y kh&aacute; nhi&#7873;u &#273;i&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i. Trong c&aacute;c t&agrave;i li&#7879;u n&agrave;y, Th&#7847;n Zeus l&agrave; hi&#7879;n th&acirc;n c&#7911;a c&ocirc;ng l&yacute; v&agrave; tr&iacute; tu&#7879;, r&#7845;t c&ocirc;ng b&#7857;ng v&agrave; v&ocirc; t&#432; &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i con ng&#432;&#7901;i. Khi con ng&#432;&#7901;i s&#7889;ng t&#7917; t&#7871;, Ng&agrave;i s&#7869; gi&uacute;p cho n&ocirc;ng s&#7843;n c&#7911;a h&#7885; t&#259;ng th&ecirc;m thu ho&#7841;ch c&oacute; cu&#7897;c s&#7889;ng &#7845;m no. Khi con ng&#432;&#7901;i l&agrave;m &#273;i&#7873;u &aacute;c, Ng&agrave;i s&#7869; gi&aacute;ng thi&ecirc;n tai &#273;&#7875; tr&#7915;ng ph&#7841;t.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Pseudo-Seneca_BM_GR1962.8-24.1-image.jpg\" width=\"450\" height=\"675\"><\/p>\n<p><i>T&#432;&#7907;ng b&aacute;n th&acirc;n c&#7911;a nh&agrave; th&#417; Hy L&#7841;p c&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i th&#7871; k&#7927; th&#7913; 8 TCN Hesiod. Tr&#7843;i qua l&#7883;ch s&#7917; l&acirc;u d&agrave;i, &ocirc;ng b&#7883; nh&#7847;m v&#7899;i Seneca, m&#7897;t tri&#7871;t gia, ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883; gia v&agrave; nh&agrave; vi&#7871;t k&#7883;ch La M&atilde; c&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i trong l&#7883;ch s&#7917; ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t ph&#432;&#417;ng T&acirc;y. &#272;&acirc;y l&agrave; m&#7897;t trong nh&#7919;ng b&#7913;c t&#432;&#7907;ng th&#7841;ch cao chu&#7849;n b&#7883; cho k&#7923; thi tuy&#7875;n sinh &#273;&#7841;i h&#7885;c ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t &#7903; Trung Qu&#7889;c, n&oacute; r&#7845;t n&#7893;i ti&#7871;ng trong gi&#7899;i ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t Trung Qu&#7889;c. Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, trong nhi&#7873;u th&#7853;p k&#7927;, do ki&#7875;u t&oacute;c, ngo&#7841;i h&igrave;nh v&agrave; bi&#7875;u c&#7843;m c&#7911;a b&#7913;c t&#432;&#7907;ng, m&#7897;t s&#7889; gi&aacute;o vi&ecirc;n m&#7929; thu&#7853;t &#273;&atilde; nh&#7847;m n&oacute; th&agrave;nh &ldquo;c&#432;&#7899;p bi&#7875;n&rdquo;.<\/i><i><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Hesiod, nh&agrave; th&#417; Hy L&#7841;p v&agrave;o th&#7871; k&#7927; th&#7913; 8 tr&#432;&#7899;c C&ocirc;ng Nguy&ecirc;n, trong t&aacute;c ph&#7849;m &ldquo;Works and Days&rdquo; c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng c&oacute; lu&#7853;n thu&#7853;t r&#7857;ng: &ldquo;Th&#7847;n Zeus &#273;&atilde; ban t&#7863;ng m&oacute;n qu&agrave; ch&iacute;nh ngh&#297;a t&#7889;t nh&#7845;t cho nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i. B&#7903;i v&igrave;, b&#7845;t c&#7913; ai bi&#7871;t ch&iacute;nh ngh&#297;a v&agrave; coi tr&#7885;ng ch&iacute;nh ngh&#297;a, Th&#7847;n Zeus s&#7869; ban ph&uacute;c l&agrave;nh cho ng&#432;&#7901;i &#7845;y.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Le_Jupiter_Olympien_ou_l27art_de_la_sculpture_antique-image.jpg\" width=\"450\" height=\"570\"><\/p>\n<p><i>H&igrave;nh v&#7869; t&#432;&#7907;ng Th&#7847;n Zeus tr&ecirc;n &#273;&#7881;nh Olympus, m&#7897;t trong b&#7843;y k&#7923; quan c&#7911;a th&#7871; gi&#7899;i c&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i, &#273;&#432;&#7907;c v&#7869; v&agrave;o n&#259;m 1815 b&#7903;i nh&agrave; kh&#7843;o c&#7893; h&#7885;c, ki&#7871;n &#8203;&#8203;tr&uacute;c s&#432; v&agrave; nh&agrave; s&#7917; h&#7885;c ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t ng&#432;&#7901;i Ph&aacute;p Quatrem&egrave;re de Quincy. B&#7913;c t&#432;&#7907;ng Th&#7847;n Zeus tr&ecirc;n &#273;&#7881;nh Olympia &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ho&agrave;n th&agrave;nh b&#7903;i nh&agrave; &#273;i&ecirc;u kh&#7855;c Hy L&#7841;p Phidias v&agrave;o kho&#7843;ng n&#259;m 435 tr&#432;&#7899;c C&ocirc;ng nguy&ecirc;n, &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7863;t trong &#272;&#7873;n th&#7901; Th&#7847;n Zeus &#7903; Olympia, Hy L&#7841;p. T&#432;&#7907;ng cao kho&#7843;ng 12 m&eacute;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c cho l&agrave; l&agrave;m b&#7857;ng &#273;&#7891;ng m&#7841; v&agrave;ng, &#273;&aacute; qu&yacute;, ng&agrave; voi v&agrave; v&agrave;ng. Theo s&aacute;ch c&#7893;, Th&#7847;n Zeus m&#7897;t tay c&#7847;m v&#432;&#417;ng tr&#432;&#7907;ng tay kia n&acirc;ng n&#7919; Th&#7847;n chi&#7871;n th&#7855;ng, uy nghi ng&#7891;i tr&ecirc;n ngai v&agrave;ng. T&#432;&#7907;ng Th&#7847;n &#273;&atilde; bi&#7871;n m&#7845;t sau m&#7897;t tr&#7853;n h&#7887;a ho&#7841;n v&agrave;o th&#7871; k&#7927; th&#7913; 5 sau C&ocirc;ng nguy&ecirc;n, nh&#432;ng gi&aacute; tr&#7883; ngh&#7879; thu&#7853;t cao c&ocirc;ng tr&igrave;nh &#273;&atilde; thu h&uacute;t s&#7921; ch&uacute; &yacute; tr&ecirc;n to&agrave;n th&#7871; gi&#7899;i, n&oacute; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7879;nh danh l&agrave; m&#7897;t trong b&#7843;y k&#7923; quan c&#7911;a th&#7871; gi&#7899;i c&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Khi Hesiod khuy&ecirc;n nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i n&#7855;m quy&#7873;n kh&ocirc;ng n&ecirc;n l&agrave;m &#273;i&#7873;u &aacute;c, &ocirc;ng &#273;&atilde; m&ocirc; t&#7843; l&#7841;i &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y: &ldquo;Ai m&agrave; c&oacute; h&agrave;nh vi hung b&#7841;o, Th&#7847;n Zeus &ndash; ng&#432;&#7901;i con c&#7911;a Cronus, v&#7899;i thi&ecirc;n l&yacute; nh&atilde;n s&#7869; tr&#7915;ng ph&#7841;t h&#7885;. Th&#7853;m ch&iacute; c&oacute; nh&#7919;ng tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p c&#7843; th&agrave;nh ph&#7889; b&#7883; tr&#7915;ng ph&#7841;t ch&#7881; v&igrave; m&#7897;t k&#7867; x&#7845;u l&agrave;m &#273;i&#7873;u &aacute;c, con trai c&#7911;a Cronus &#273;&atilde; mang n&#7841;n &#273;&oacute;i v&agrave; b&#7879;nh d&#7883;ch &#273;&#7871;n cho h&#7885;. V&igrave; v&#7853;y, ng&#432;&#7901;i d&acirc;n &#7903; &#273;&oacute; d&#7847;n d&#7847;n ch&#7871;t &#273;i, v&#7907; b&#7883; v&ocirc; sinh, nh&agrave; c&#7917;a c&#361;ng b&#7883; Th&#7847;n Zeus ph&aacute; h&#7911;y, v&agrave; m&#7845;t d&#7847;n &#273;i. Sau &#273;&oacute; Th&#7847;n Zeus &#273;&atilde; ti&ecirc;u hu&#7927; &#273;&#7897;i qu&acirc;n kh&#7893;ng l&#7891;, ph&aacute; h&#7911;y c&aacute;c b&#7913;c t&#432;&#7901;ng th&agrave;nh v&agrave; &#273;&aacute;nh ch&igrave;m t&agrave;u &#8203;&#8203;c&#7911;a h&#7885; tr&ecirc;n bi&#7875;n&rdquo;. M&#7863;c d&ugrave; nh&#7919;ng c&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n t&#7915; l&acirc;u, nh&#432;ng n&#7897;i h&agrave;m c&#7911;a ch&uacute;ng kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng li&ecirc;n quan &#273;&#7871;n d&#7883;ch b&#7879;nh lan tr&agrave;n ng&agrave;y nay v&agrave; t&#7927; l&#7879; sinh ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng gi&#7843;m.<\/p>\n<p>Sau n&#7873;n v&#259;n minh Hy L&#7841;p c&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i, c&aacute;c c&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n th&#7847;n tho&#7841;i Hy L&#7841;p c&oacute; nhi&#7873;u phi&ecirc;n b&#7843;n kh&aacute;c nhau v&igrave; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c d&acirc;n gian th&ecirc;m th&#7855;t nhi&#7873;u t&igrave;nh ti&#7871;t v&agrave; do c&aacute;c nh&agrave; v&#259;n t&ugrave;y ti&#7879;n s&aacute;ng t&aacute;c. Nh&#7919;ng c&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n th&#7847;n tho&#7841;i ch&#7911; y&#7871;u l&agrave; truy&#7873;n mi&#7879;ng, &#273;&oacute; kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; nh&#7919;ng ghi ch&eacute;p l&#7883;ch s&#7917; nghi&ecirc;m t&uacute;c v&agrave; ch&acirc;n th&#7853;t, m&agrave; Hy L&#7841;p c&#7893; &#273;&#7841;i l&agrave; m&#7897;t t&#7893;ng th&#7875; g&#7891;m r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u th&agrave;nh bang nh&#7887;, m&#7895;i th&agrave;nh ph&#7889; &#273;&#7873;u c&oacute; nh&#7919;ng c&acirc;u chuy&#7879;n th&#7847;n tho&#7841;i v&agrave; truy&#7873;n thuy&#7871;t kh&aacute;c nhau. Do s&#7921; kh&aacute;c bi&#7879;t v&#7873; &#273;&#7883;a l&yacute;, th&#7901;i gian v&agrave; d&#7883; b&#7843;n d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n xu&#7845;t hi&#7879;n r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u y&#7871;u t&#7889; m&acirc;u thu&#7851;n n&#7897;i t&#7841;i kh&oacute; gi&#7843;i th&iacute;ch r&otilde; trong h&#7879; th&#7889;ng th&#7847;n tho&#7841;i Hy L&#7841;p.<\/p>\n<p>Dich t&#7915;: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http:\/\/www.zhengjian.org\/node\/268063\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/www.zhengjian.org\/node\/268063<\/a><\/p>\n<div id=\"catlinks\" class=\"catlinks\" data-mw=\"interface\"><\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[ChanhKien.org] Trong ti&#7871;n tr&igrave;nh l&#7883;ch s&#7917;, kh&aacute;i ni&#7879;m &ldquo;v&#259;n h&oacute;a truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng&rdquo; bao h&agrave;m ph&#7841;m vi r&#7845;t l&#7899;n v&agrave; ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p. C&aacute;c d&acirc;n t&#7897;c, qu&#7889;c gia v&agrave; khu v&#7921;c kh&aacute;c nhau c&oacute; nh&#7919;ng n&#7873;n v&#259;n h&oacute;a truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng ri&ecirc;ng bi&#7879;t, r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u n&#7873;n v&#259;n minh c&oacute; l&#7883;ch s&#7917; l&acirc;u &#273;&#7901;i, th&#7853;m ch&iacute; c&oacute; t&#7915; th&#7901;i [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[11,304,103],"tags":[356],"class_list":["post-27675","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bai-chon-loc","category-loat-bai","category-vanhoa-truyenthong","tag-tu-tuong-triet-hoc-truyen-thong"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng (Ph\u1ea7n 1) - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2021\/07\/than-thoai-hon-loan-va-tu-tuong-triet-hoc-truyen-thong-phan-1.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng (Ph\u1ea7n 1) - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[ChanhKien.org] Trong ti&#7871;n tr&igrave;nh l&#7883;ch s&#7917;, kh&aacute;i ni&#7879;m &ldquo;v&#259;n h&oacute;a truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng&rdquo; bao h&agrave;m ph&#7841;m vi r&#7845;t l&#7899;n v&agrave; ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p. 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