Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1 M\u1ea1c Cao ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t, v\u00ec \u0111a ph\u1ea7n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u01a1n m\u00e0u n\u00ean x\u01b0a g\u1ecdi ch\u00fang v\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0u. B\u1ed9t m\u00e0u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, m\u00e0u s\u1eafc t\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong th\u1eddi gian r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u. T\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0u l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a hang \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec7n, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t, b\u1ed1n b\u00ean v\u00e0 tr\u00ean tr\u1ea7n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c b\u00edch h\u1ecda. Trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c b\u00edch h\u1ecda ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 v\u1eadt trang tr\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee5 tr\u1ee3. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd b\u1eb1ng m\u00e0u, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 n\u1eb1m \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00e0o, n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c b\u00edch h\u1ecda n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u mang t\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt, chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ed5 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c b\u00edch h\u1ecda v\u1ec1 Phi thi\u00ean.<\/p>\n
Gian ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a hang \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 285 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng, v\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh di\u1ec7n c\u00f3 kh\u00e1m th\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu h\u00e0nh quan t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, hai b\u00ean tr\u00e1i ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 hai ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed1n khoang nh\u1ecf ch\u1ec9 v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7 cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1ed3i b\u00ean trong. (Ngu\u1ed3n: E-dunhuang.com<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n C\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u (giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Th\u1eadp l\u1ee5c qu\u1ed1c, Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u, 304-581), ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u1edbi th\u00e1p trung t\u00e2m, c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. \u0110\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng cho c\u00e1c t\u0103ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3 t\u1ecda tu thi\u1ec1n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 gian ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a hang \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 285 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng, v\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh di\u1ec7n c\u00f3 kh\u00e1m th\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu h\u00e0nh quan t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, hai b\u00ean tr\u00e1i ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 hai ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed1n khoang nh\u1ecf ch\u1ec9 v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7 cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1ed3i b\u00ean trong. \u0110\u1ed9ng th\u00e1p trung t\u00e2m c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m hay \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00f9a th\u00e1p. \u1ede trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ee1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi. Tr\u00ean b\u1ed1n m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 kho\u00e9t nh\u1eefng khoang nh\u1ecf b\u00ean trong c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu h\u00e0nh \u0111i v\u00f2ng xung quanh chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt. C\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 sau, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac hang \u0111\u1ed9ng M\u1ea1c Cao c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 du nh\u1eadp r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u phong c\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00e0o t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 T\u00f9y \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng (581-907). Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac hang \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 d\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n sang ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa v\u1edbi gian ch\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng, v\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh c\u00f3 kho\u00e9t nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ean trong, ba v\u00e1ch c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd nh\u1eefng b\u00edch h\u1ecda nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0u, tr\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a hang \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf theo d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh c\u00e1i tri\u1ec7n hay h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef Nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i. Lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i b\u00e1i l\u1ec5 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n.<\/p>\n Trong kinh Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 ghi l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng: tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi xu\u1ea5t gia, Th\u00edch Ca M\u00e2u Ni l\u00e0 th\u00e1i t\u1eed c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ca-t\u1ef3-la-v\u1ec7. Khi Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea3n sinh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gian, tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111o\u00e0n ti\u00ean nh\u1ea1c ca h\u00e1t, tr\u1ea3i hoa v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p. Kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc huy ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u00f4 v\u00e0n tia s\u00e1ng r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 t\u1ecfa chi\u1ebfu trong kh\u1eafp v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt vui m\u1eebng kh\u00f4n xi\u1ebft. Tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi l\u00fac n\u00e0y r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng hai s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y b\u1ea1c nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u1ecbnh th\u1ee7y, m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i th\u00ec \u1ea5m \u00e1p, m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i th\u00ec thanh m\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e1i t\u1eed t\u1eafm r\u1eeda (\u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a nghi th\u1ee9c \u201cT\u1eafm Ph\u1eadt\u201d). Khi th\u00e1i t\u1eed v\u1eeba sinh ra, Ng\u00e0i li\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i b\u1ea3y b\u01b0\u1edbc. Sau m\u1ed7i b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a th\u00e1i t\u1eed d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t b\u00f4ng hoa sen, th\u00e1i t\u1eed tay ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00ean tr\u1eddi, tay tr\u00e1i ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 n\u00f3i l\u1edbn r\u1eb1ng: \u201cTr\u00ean tr\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t, ta l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n\u201d.<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc \u0111\u00e1 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh k\u00ednh v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca m\u00e0 g\u1eedi g\u1eafm v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m trong hang \u0111\u1ed9ng. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf cho n\u00ean, n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean g\u1ea1ch h\u00ecnh hoa sen, tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc hoa sen. T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung t\u00e2m trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c hang \u0111\u1ed9ng. Tr\u00ean tr\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n m\u1eb7t t\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f9 th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi C\u1ef1c L\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n Ph\u1ea7n 2. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 b\u00edch h\u1ecda<\/strong><\/p>\n X\u00e9t tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n phong c\u00e1ch ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a hang \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh ba th\u1eddi k\u1ef3. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 T\u00f9y \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ed1n th\u1eddi k\u1ef3: Th\u1eadp l\u1ee5c qu\u1ed1c, B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y, T\u00e2y Ng\u1ee5y, v\u00e0 B\u1eafc Chu, tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i trong 180 n\u0103m. Ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a hai tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i T\u00f9y \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng trong 300 n\u0103m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. V\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 suy t\u00e0n sau khi nh\u00e0 T\u00f9y \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebft th\u00fac, tr\u1ea3i qua c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3: Ng\u0169 \u0110\u1ea1i, T\u1ed1ng, T\u00e2y H\u1ea1, Duy Ng\u00f4 Nh\u0129, Nguy\u00ean, tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i trong h\u01a1n 460 n\u0103m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\n (1) Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Di L\u1eb7c cao 3.4m \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i trong t\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1eaft ch\u00e2n trong hang \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 275 – th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 B\u1eafc L\u01b0\u01a1ng (412-460) (Ngu\u1ed3n: Yong Zhen Tang<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n V\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc m\u00e0u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Di L\u1eb7c l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o, mang \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. T\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao, tr\u00e1n r\u1ed9ng, m\u1eb7t vu\u00f4ng, m\u0169i th\u1eb3ng, h\u1ed1c m\u1eaft s\u00e2u, b\u00fai t\u00f3c g\u1ee3n s\u00f3ng, y ph\u1ee5c m\u1eb7c s\u00e1t th\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi. L\u1ea5y v\u00ed d\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Di L\u1eb7c cao 3.4m \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i trong t\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1eaft ch\u00e2n trong hang \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 275 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 B\u1eafc L\u01b0\u01a1ng (412-460), l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc m\u00e0u l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y. B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u00f2n tr\u1ecba, th\u1ea7n s\u1eafc trang nghi\u00eam, \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9i v\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec7n tam chu b\u1ea3o (ba vi\u00ean ng\u1ecdc qu\u00fd), th\u1eaft l\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb ru\u1ed9t c\u1eebu, c\u1ed5 \u0111eo v\u00f2ng ng\u1ecdc, m\u00ecnh ng\u1ed3i tr\u00ean l\u01b0ng s\u01b0 t\u1eed, ph\u00eda sau c\u00f3 v\u1ebd m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Di L\u1eb7c c\u00f3 s\u1ed1ng m\u0169i cao, m\u1eaft h\u01a1i l\u1ed3i, mang nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1o t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. B\u1edfi v\u1eady c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u201c\u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng\u201d v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9.<\/p>\n B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u1ed5 tu thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong hang \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 428 (Ngu\u1ed3n: Sohu.com<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n V\u00e0o n\u0103m CN 525, \u1edf Trung Nguy\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt theo l\u1ed1i \u201cT\u00fa C\u1ed1t Thanh T\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u1ed5 tu thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong hang \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 428. B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t g\u1ea7y g\u00f2, trang ph\u1ee5c r\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 m\u1ecfng, phi\u00eau di\u00eau t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i, t\u0129nh t\u1ea1i si\u00eau ph\u00e0m.<\/p>\n B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Thi T\u00ec V\u01b0\u01a1ng – hang \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 254 (Ngu\u1ed3n: Dunhuang Academy<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c b\u00edch h\u1ecda trong th\u1eddi B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n trong kinh Ph\u1eadt. N\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n Thi T\u00ec V\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ebb th\u1ecbt c\u1ee9u chim b\u1ed3 c\u00e2u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf ph\u1ea7n gi\u1eefa c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00eda b\u1eafc trong hang \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 275 (th\u1eddi B\u1eafc L\u01b0\u01a1ng), v\u1ebd l\u1ea1i hai t\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft l\u00e0 x\u1ebb th\u1ecbt v\u00e0 c\u00e2n th\u1ecbt. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tranh li\u00ean ho\u00e0n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng M\u1ea1c Cao. \u0110\u1eb7c s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Thi T\u00ec V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee9 254 v\u00e0o thu\u1ed9c th\u1eddi B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda v\u1ec1 con h\u01b0\u01a1u ch\u00edn m\u00e0u \u1edf hang \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 257 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y v\u00e0 b\u1ee9c tranh v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n 500 t\u00ean c\u01b0\u1edbp (\u0110\u1eafc Nh\u00e3n L\u00e2m) c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ng\u1ee5y trong \u0111\u1ed9ng 285.<\/p>\n B\u1ee9c h\u1ecda v\u1ec1 con h\u01b0\u01a1u ch\u00edn m\u00e0u \u1edf hang \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 257 (\u1ea2nh: Dunhuang Academy<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n 500 t\u00ean c\u01b0\u1edbp nghe Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt\u00a0trong hang \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 285 (M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c tranh) (Ngu\u1ed3n: Dunhuang Academy<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n 500 t\u00ean c\u01b0\u1edbp nghe Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt\u00a0trong hang \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 285 (To\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh b\u1ee9c tranh) (Ngu\u1ed3n: Dunhuang Academy<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c b\u00edch h\u1ecda Thi\u00ean Cung K\u1ef9 L\u1ea1c th\u1eddi B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y c\u00f2n mang nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a T\u00e2y V\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong hang \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 259, 435 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c v\u0169 n\u1eef v\u1edbi d\u1ea3i kh\u0103n d\u00e0i v\u1eaft ngang vai r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 v\u00e1y sari c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 ng\u00e0y nay, \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u0169ng mang nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1i h\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9.<\/p>\n B\u00ean trong hang \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 259 (Ngu\u1ed3n: Dunhuang Academy<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n B\u00ean trong hang \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 435 (Ngu\u1ed3n: Dunhuang Academy<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n T\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00e2y Ng\u1ee5y, do nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a L\u00fd V\u0103n \u0110\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ti\u00ean Ti \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u00f3a ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 sau khi d\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4 v\u1ec1 L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n c\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. L\u00fac n\u00e0y trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c b\u00edch h\u1ecda b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u1eddi vi\u1ec5n c\u1ed5, nh\u01b0 T\u00e2y V\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1eabu, \u0110\u00f4ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u00f4ng, Ph\u1ee5c Hy, N\u1eef Oa,v.v. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u00fat ph\u00e1p h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda T\u00e2y V\u1ef1c v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n (2) Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 T\u00f9y \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc trong hang M\u1ea1c Cao c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb phong c\u00e1ch \u201cT\u00fa C\u1ed1t Thanh T\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d t\u1eeb th\u1eddi B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y sang phong c\u00e1ch \u201cUng Dung Hoa Qu\u00fd\u201d, m\u00e0u s\u1eafc phong ph\u00fa r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1.<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 T\u00f9y c\u00f3 th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh to l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1eb7n, m\u0169i th\u1ea5p tai to, y ph\u1ee5c ph\u00fa l\u1ec7. T\u01b0 th\u1ebf phong ph\u00fa \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng c\u0169ng mang nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n phong c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa. Dung m\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1m t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng c\u0169ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb t\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7n h\u01b0\u1edbng sang \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n A Nan & \u0110\u1ea1i Ca Di\u1ebfp trong t\u01b0 th\u1ebf h\u1ee3p th\u1eadp cung k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt – th\u1eddi Tu\u1ef3\u00a0 trong hang \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 427 (Ngu\u1ed3n: Dunhuang Academy<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n Nh\u01b0 b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 A Nan – m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt trong \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 427. A Nan l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ed nh\u1edb phi th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111a v\u0103n \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t\u201d. T\u01b0\u1ee3ng A Nan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1c trong t\u01b0 th\u1ebf h\u1ee3p th\u1eadp, cung k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. A Nan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh v\u1edbi th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1eb7n, y ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. M\u1eb7t ph\u00eda nam c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5 trung t\u00e2m l\u00e0 b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ea1i Ca Di\u1ebfp, tri t\u00fac thi\u1ec3u d\u1ee5c, tu h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e0. Hai tay h\u1ee3p th\u1eadp, \u0111\u1ee9ng sang m\u1ed9t b\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt. H\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ea1i Ca Di\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda v\u1edbi th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh kh\u00f4 h\u00e9o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i g\u00e2n xanh, g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t g\u00f3c c\u1ea1nh, \u00e1nh m\u1eaft s\u1eafc l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 \u0111ang kh\u1ebd m\u1ec9m c\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 A Nan v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Ca Di\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng trong trang ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa.<\/p>\n B\u00ean trong hang s\u1ed1 419 (Ngu\u1ed3n: Dunhuang Academy<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n B\u00ean trong hang s\u1ed1 420 (Ngu\u1ed3n: E-dunhuang.com<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c b\u00edch h\u1ecda th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 T\u00f9y c\u0169ng t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n trong kinh Ph\u1eadt, nh\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft \u201cPh\u00e1p Hoa Kinh\u201d, \u201cNi\u1ebft b\u00e0n kinh\u201d trong \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 419, 420, v.v.<\/p>\n V\u00e0o th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng (618-907), \u201cTrinh Qu\u00e1n chi tr\u1ecb\u201d (Trinh Qu\u00e1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 626 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 649), to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, kinh t\u1ebf \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m Khai Nguy\u00ean Thi\u00ean B\u1ea3o, s\u1eed s\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u201cth\u1ecbnh \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d. Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u00e1ch t\u00ednh tr\u0103m h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u sung t\u00fac, v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Nguy\u00ean ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Trung Nguy\u00ean. Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u00edt cao t\u0103ng, \u0111em Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p h\u1ed3ng truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 v\u00f9ng T\u00e2y V\u1ef1c, kinh s\u00e1ch t\u1eeb Tr\u01b0\u1eddng An, L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n t\u1edbi, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc \u0111\u00e1 M\u1ea1c Cao sau khi ti\u1ebfp th\u1ee5 nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Hoa tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 phong c\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c quy m\u00f4, t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh, n\u1ed9i dung b\u00edch h\u1ecda \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i to l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n r\u1eddi xa kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng, gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y trong \u0111\u1ed9ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c l\u1eadp th\u1ec3 r\u00f5 n\u00e9t. Nh\u01b0 v\u1ecb thi\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng uy nghi\u00eam trong \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 332, l\u1ef1c s\u0129 d\u0169ng m\u00e3nh trong \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 55, hai v\u1ecb B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t ng\u1ef1c tr\u1ea7n \u1edf hai ph\u00eda nam b\u1eafc tr\u00ean b\u1ee9c v\u00e1ch ph\u00eda t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a hang \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 45, c\u00f3 l\u00f4ng m\u00e0y xanh v\u00e0 c\u1eb7p m\u1eaft thanh t\u00fa, hai b\u00ean m\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1eb7n v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng b\u00f3ng, v\u1ebb m\u1eb7t c\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u1ea7n s\u1eafc \u0111i\u1ec1m t\u0129nh t\u1eeb bi.<\/p>\n B\u00ean trong hang \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 45 (Ngu\u1ed3n: The International Jin-Gang-Dhyana Association Net<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh – T\u1eeb tr\u00e1i sang: t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng, B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t, A Nan \u2013 hang \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 45\u00a0(Ngu\u1ed3n: The International Jin-Gang-Dhyana Association Net<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh – T\u1eeb tr\u00e1i sang: t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ca Di\u1ebfp, B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t v\u00e0 Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u2013 hang \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 45\u00a0(Ngu\u1ed3n: The International Jin-Gang-Dhyana Association Net<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n Th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u1eb1m thay th\u1ebf thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a L\u00fd \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, V\u00f5 T\u1eafc Thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea1 l\u1ec7nh cho t\u0103ng nh\u00e2n vi\u1ebft ra \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i v\u00e2n kinh s\u01a1\u201d, b\u1ed9 kinh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi V\u00f5 T\u1eafc Thi\u00ean l\u00e0 Di L\u1eb7c h\u1ea1 ph\u00e0m khi\u1ebfn cho to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c kh\u1edfi l\u00ean phong tr\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Di L\u1eb7c. B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng M\u1ea1c Cao \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 B\u1eafc \u0110\u1ea1i T\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 96, cao 35.5m, kh\u00ed th\u1ebf h\u00f9ng v\u0129, trang nghi\u00eam tr\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m Khai Nguy\u00ean. C\u00f2n c\u00f3 Nam \u0110\u1ea1i T\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 130 cao 26m. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi b\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u trong \u0111\u1ed9ng Du L\u00e2m, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ba \u0111\u1ed9ng Ph\u1eadt l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a M\u1ea1c Cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0o th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Di L\u1eb7c trong t\u01b0 th\u1ebf ng\u1ed3i. X\u00e2y t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt l\u1edbn r\u1ea5t hao t\u00e0i t\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a, l\u1ea1i nh\u1ecdc s\u1ee9c d\u00e2n, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0 b\u1ee9c Nam \u0110\u1ea1i T\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ebfn 30 n\u0103m m\u1edbi x\u00e2y xong, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c l\u1ef1c h\u00f9ng h\u1eadu nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n B\u1eafc \u0110\u1ea1i T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt Di L\u1eb7c cao 35.5m \u2013 Hang \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 96 (Ngu\u1ed3n:\u00a0Dunhuang Academy<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n Nam \u0110\u1ea1i T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt Di L\u1eb7c cao 26m \u2013Hang \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 130 (Ngu\u1ed3n:\u00a0Dunhuang Academy<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 T\u00f9y, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u1edd Ph\u1eadt Di L\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf Trung Nguy\u00ean, theo ghi ch\u00e9p th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt n\u00e0y, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Di L\u1eb7c, tin r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt n\u00e0y trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai s\u1ebd h\u1ea1n sinh, ph\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00fang sinh v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca trong t\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u1eb1m, d\u00e0i 15.8m trong hang \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 158, th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng (Ngu\u1ed3n:\u00a0Dunhuang Academy<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca trong t\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u1eb1m (nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i) d\u00e0i 15.8m trong hang \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 158 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. B\u1ed1n b\u00ean xung quanh b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ee9c b\u00edch h\u1ecda v\u1ebd h\u00ecnh B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed, h\u1ed9 ph\u00e1p, qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n. D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 b\u00edch h\u1ecda, c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ng l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 bi ai th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i v\u00e0 k\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng cao \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n B\u00edch h\u1ecda th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng phong ph\u00fa, ph\u00fac l\u1ec7 m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed7i huy ho\u00e0ng, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1i vui trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e0i l\u1ea7u c\u00e1c, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7u m\u00faa uy\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng sung t\u00fac c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m b\u00edch h\u1ecda c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh n\u0103m lo\u1ea1i: tranh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt; tranh kinh Ph\u1eadt kh\u1ed5 l\u1edbn; tranh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o; tranh ch\u00e2n dung ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng; tranh hoa v\u0103n trang tr\u00ed. B\u00ean trong hang s\u1ed1 220 (Ngu\u1ed3n:\u00a0Dunhuang Academy<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc tranh Kinh Di \u0110\u00e0 trong \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 220 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho d\u00f2ng tranh c\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 kinh Ph\u1eadt nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1p ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh tinh x\u1ea3o, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi C\u1ef1c L\u1ea1c trong tranh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng. B\u1ee9c tranh Ph\u1eadt Di \u0110\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p trong \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 148 c\u00f2n kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ef9 di\u1ec7u n\u01a1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Di \u0110\u00e0.<\/p>\n B\u1ee9c tranh Ph\u1eadt Di \u0110\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p trong \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 148 c\u00f2n kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ef9 di\u1ec7u n\u01a1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Di \u0110\u00e0 (Ngu\u1ed3n:\u00a0Dunhuang Academy<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n Tranh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Trung Qu\u1ed1c: Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Khi\u00ean t\u1eeb bi\u1ec7t H\u00e1n V\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf – T\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1eafc \u2013 b\u00ean trong hang \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 323. (Ngu\u1ed3n: Dunhuang Academy<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n Tranh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, d\u00f2ng tranh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. Trong gian ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 323, tr\u00ean hai b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng nam b\u1eafc c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1m b\u1ee9c tranh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n s\u1eed k\u00fd Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 hang \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ee9c tranh k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i M\u1ea1c Cao. Tranh Ng\u0169 \u0110\u00e0i trong \u0111\u1ed9ng 61 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 n\u00fai Ng\u0169 \u0110\u00e0i, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i linh s\u01a1n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda v\u1ebd v\u1ec1 th\u00e1nh t\u00edch c\u1ee7a V\u0103n Th\u00f9 B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t, \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1eafng t\u00edch Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o trong hang M\u1ea1c Cao.<\/p>\n B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00eda T\u00e2y – C\u1ea3nh n\u00fai Ng\u0169 \u0110\u00e0i, ch\u00f9a Thanh L\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ed5ng n\u00fai H\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ea1o ph\u00eda T\u00e2y Nam trong hang \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 61 (Ngu\u1ed3n: Dunhuang Academy<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda trang tr\u00ed d\u1ea1ng hoa v\u0103n trong hang M\u1ea1c Cao c\u00f3 mu\u00f4n v\u1ea1n h\u00ecnh th\u00f9, m\u00e0u s\u1eafc s\u1eb7c s\u1ee1, n\u00f3 v\u1eeba \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh lang d\u1eabn \u0111i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eeba mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung trong t\u1eebng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m. L\u1ea5y b\u1ee9c \u201cT\u1ea3o T\u0129nh\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd v\u00e0o th\u1eddi T\u00f9y \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u1ebd tranh trang tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a hang M\u1ea1c Cao. Nh\u01b0 b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda tr\u00ean tr\u1ea7n hang 329 v\u00e0 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t t\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00eda t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea7n hang 159 c\u00f3 hoa v\u0103n r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. D\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c hoa v\u0103n n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean n\u00f3c hang, ng\u1ee5 \u00fd l\u00e0 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 to l\u1edbn h\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e1n bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 bao la. B\u1ee9c \u201cT\u1ea3o T\u0129nh\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd v\u00e0o th\u1eddi T\u00f9y \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u1ebd tranh trang tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a hang M\u1ea1c Cao<\/em> \u2013 hang \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 329 (Ngu\u1ed3n: Dunhuang Academy<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n C\u1eadn c\u1ea3nh b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda phi thi\u00ean v\u00e0 hoa v\u0103n hoa sen tr\u00ean tr\u1ea7n hang s\u1ed1 329 (Ngu\u1ed3n: Dunhuang Academy<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n Tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t t\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00eda T\u00e2y c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea7n hang s\u1ed1 159 c\u00f3 hoa v\u0103n r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p (Ngu\u1ed3n: Dunhuang Academy<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n N\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed kinh t\u1ebf huy\u1ebft m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu n\u00ean \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i tr\u00ean \u201cCon \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a\u201d c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i. N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng t\u0103ng nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 t\u1eeb ph\u00eda T\u00e2y tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 sau qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00ecm ph\u00e1p, nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia qua l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ea1i L\u1ee5c v\u00e0 T\u00e2y V\u1ef1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc \u0111\u00e1 \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u tinh hoa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Trung Nguy\u00ean, T\u00e2y V\u1ef1c cho t\u1edbi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng c\u0169ng v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n th\u1ecbnh. V\u00ed nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng 217, 103, 45, 85, v.v. \u1ede ph\u00eda t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00eda nam hang 103 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh truy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd d\u1ef1a theo b\u1ed9 \u201cPh\u00e1p Hoa kinh bi\u1ebfn – h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh d\u1ee5 ph\u1ea9m\u201d. Tr\u00ean b\u1ee9c b\u00ecnh phong l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh n\u00fai non tr\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i r\u1ee3p b\u00f3ng, th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n m\u1eb7c trang ph\u1ee5c s\u1eb7c s\u1ee1, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u01b0\u1ee1i voi ch\u1edf t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1eaft theo l\u1eeba ng\u1ef1a… t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111ang t\u1ea5t b\u1eadt mua b\u00e1n giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y V\u1ef1c v\u00e0 Trung Nguy\u00ean, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb Nam \u00c1, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n \u201cPh\u00e1p Hoa kinh bi\u1ebfn \u2013 h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh d\u1ee5 ph\u1ea9m\u201d, hang s\u1ed1 103, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng (Ngu\u1ed3n:\u00a0Tsinghua University Library<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n N\u0103m 755, nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t sinh bi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1n An S\u1eed. Nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i tinh nhu\u1ec7 t\u1eeb H\u00e0 T\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o Trung Nguy\u00ean, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Th\u1ed5 Phi\u1ebfn nh\u1eadn c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o H\u00e0 B\u1eafc, sau \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng, th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y trong h\u01a1n 60 n\u0103m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 Phi\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng, h\u1ecd t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Ph\u1eadt, s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i th\u1ea7n linh. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Th\u1ed5 Phi\u1ebfn th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i phong c\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f2n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ki\u1ebfp n\u1ea1n th\u1eddi H\u1ed9i X\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7t Ph\u1eadt. S\u1ef1 an b\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 Th\u1ea7n Ph\u1eadt \u0111ang l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 cho \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n Trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c b\u00edch h\u1ecda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Th\u1ed5 Phi\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea7n trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc nay ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y, nh\u01b0 b\u1ee9c Nh\u01b0 \u00dd Lu\u00e2n Quan \u00c2m, Quan \u00c2m ng\u00e0n m\u1eaft ng\u00e0n tay, v.v. C\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n t\u00edch v\u00e0 linh d\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc cao t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean t\u1eebng n\u00e9t v\u1ebd.<\/p>\n Hang s\u1ed1 384 – Ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i h\u1ed1c t\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00eda b\u1eafc: b\u1ee9c “Nh\u01b0 \u00dd Lu\u00e2n Quan \u00c2m”\u00a0 (Ngu\u1ed3n:\u00a0Dunhuang Academy<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n Hang s\u1ed1 3 – T\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00eda Nam – b\u1ee9c “Quan \u00c2m ng\u00e0n m\u1eaft ng\u00e0n tay”\u00a0 (Ngu\u1ed3n:\u00a0Dunhuang Academy<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n C\u1eadn c\u1ea3nh b\u1ee9c “Quan \u00c2m ng\u00e0n m\u1eaft ng\u00e0n tay” (Ngu\u1ed3n:\u00a0Dunhuang Academy<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u00e1i b\u00ecnh th\u1ecbnh tr\u1ecb nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, nh\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Ph\u1eadt, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111a Ph\u1eadt. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi mong m\u1ecfi \u201cm\u00f9a m\u00e0ng b\u1ed9i thu\u201d v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Di L\u1eb7c \u201cy ph\u1ee5c t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d c\u00f3 tr\u00ean c\u00e2y, h\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tr\u1eeb mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec ni\u1ec7m danh hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt D\u01b0\u1ee3c S\u01b0. V\u00f4 lu\u1eadn ph\u00fa qu\u00fd sang b\u1ea7n, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u00f2ng ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt th\u00ec k\u1ebb ph\u00e0m phu c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u00e1t t\u1ee5c m\u00e0 sinh v\u1ec1 T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a nh”\u1eefng h\u1ecda s\u0129 c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh t\u00edn v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t huy cao \u0111\u1ed9. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em nh\u1eefng ph\u00fa qu\u00fd vinh hoa n\u01a1i th\u1ebf gian m\u00e0 g\u1eedi g\u1eafm l\u00ean nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh t\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u1ea1i \u0111em s\u1ef1 m\u1ef9 h\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi thi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c m\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n n\u01a1i nh\u00e2n gian. Thi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f5i nh\u00e2n gian, nh\u00e2n gian n\u01a1i thi\u00ean t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 thi\u00ean nh\u00e2n h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u0103n h\u00f3a b\u00e1n th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa.<\/p>\n (3) Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 suy tho\u00e1i<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n Sau th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i T\u00f9y \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 suy tho\u00e1i.<\/p>\n N\u0103m CN 1036, nh\u00e0 T\u00e2y H\u1ea1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y H\u1ea1. Nh\u00e0 vua T\u00e2y H\u1ea1 b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean H\u1ea1 \u0111\u00e3 cho m\u1eddi v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0 theo T\u1ea1ng truy\u1ec1n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i C\u00e1t C\u1eed. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp c\u00f9ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n Gian ch\u00ednh b\u00ean trong hang s\u1ed1 465 (Ngu\u1ed3n: Dunhuang Academy<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n N\u0103m 1227, v\u00f3 ng\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a Th\u00e0nh C\u00e1t T\u01b0 H\u00e3n ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o Sa Ch\u00e2u, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng T\u1ea1ng truy\u1ec1n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u0103n h\u00f3a M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh cao. Hang s\u1ed1 465 trong qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 hang \u0111\u1ed9ng M\u1ea1c Cao l\u00e0 hang \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho phong c\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda c\u1ee7a T\u1ea1ng truy\u1ec1n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean. Gian ch\u00ednh trong hang 465 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf theo h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec9nh tr\u1ea7n d\u1ea1ng d\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7n ph\u1eb3ng, \u1edf gi\u1eefa c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0n th\u1edd h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n, tr\u00ean tr\u1ea7n c\u00f3 v\u1ebd ng\u0169 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1eadt v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt Nh\u01b0 Lai \u1edf trung t\u00e2m, tr\u00ean t\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed1n ph\u00eda c\u00f2n v\u1ebd r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i kim cang. Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda \u201cHoan h\u1ec9 kim cang\u201d th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n cho ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu luy\u1ec7n nam n\u1eef song tu v\u00e0 b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda \u201cH\u1eadn n\u1ed9 kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebf \u00e1t ma t\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c. G\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt trong tranh ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd m\u00e0u xanh ho\u1eb7c m\u00e0u \u00e2m d\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed3ng l\u1ee5c. T\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t, chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c v\u00e0 sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u1ea1o cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c l\u1eadp th\u1ec3 r\u00f5 n\u00e9t. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o trong phong c\u00e1ch ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m n\u00ean s\u1ef1 huy ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a hang M\u1ea1c Cao trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n Ph\u1ea7n 3. N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 b\u00edch h\u1ecda<\/strong><\/p>\n C\u1ed5 nh\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c r\u1ea5t t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng Tr\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt Th\u1ea7n linh. T\u1eeb x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec1u l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 B\u00e0n C\u1ed5 khai thi\u00ean t\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ecba, N\u1eef Oa s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Khoa Ph\u1ee5 \u0111u\u1ed5i theo M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi, \u0110\u1ea1i V\u0169 tr\u1ecb th\u1ee7y, v.v. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c t\u00edn Th\u1ea7n, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf v\u01b0\u01a1ng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed tr\u1ea3i qua c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Sau khi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0o Trung Qu\u1ed1c, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Hoa H\u1ea1 \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 h\u1ed3ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p. Trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee9u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o \u1ee9ng, lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i chuy\u1ec3n sinh, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t, b\u1ed1 th\u00ed \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ec7n qu\u1ea3, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea5u b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin v\u00e0o Th\u1ea7n Ph\u1eadt th\u00ec s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Th\u1ea7n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o s\u1ebd th\u0103ng l\u00ean thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 tranh t\u01b0\u1eddng trong hang M\u1ea1c Cao. C\u00f2n c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc l\u1edbn v\u00e0 b\u00edch h\u1ecda t\u00f4n vinh Th\u1ea7n Ph\u1eadt. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 mong c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu sau:<\/p>\n (1) Nh\u00f3m t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt, bao g\u1ed3m: T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u00edch Ca, Di L\u1eb7c, D\u01b0\u1ee3c S\u01b0, A Di \u0110\u00e0 cho t\u1edbi Tam th\u1ebf Ph\u1eadt, Th\u1ea5t th\u1ebf Ph\u1eadt;<\/p>\n (2) Nh\u00f3m t\u01b0\u1ee3ng B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t, bao g\u1ed3m: T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Quan \u00c2m, V\u0103n Th\u00f9, Ph\u1ed5 Hi\u1ec1n cho t\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t, v.v.;<\/p>\n (3) Nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed, bao g\u1ed3m: T\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ea1i Ca Di\u1ebfp, A Nan;<\/p>\n (4) Nh\u00f3m t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00f4n th\u1ea7n, bao g\u1ed3m: Thi\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u1ef1c s\u0129, La H\u00e1n, v.v. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ef7 th\u1ea7n, thi\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt;<\/p>\n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 trong nh\u1eefng hang \u0111\u1ed9ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c b\u00edch h\u1ecda trong hang ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed5 sung, trang tr\u00ed, tuy nhi\u00ean s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda c\u0169ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng tinh x\u1ea3o, n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m phong ph\u00fa, bao h\u00e0m m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, t\u1eeb sinh l\u00e3o b\u1ec7nh t\u1eed cho t\u1edbi trang ph\u1ee5c, \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c, nh\u00e0 \u1edf, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111i l\u1ea1i… D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1edf b\u1ea5t bao, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u0103n h\u00f3a, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c sinh t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a Th\u1ea7n cho t\u1edbi thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba nh\u00e2n, mu\u00f4ng th\u00fa v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh h\u1eefu ngh\u1ecb v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng, l\u1ea1i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1.<\/p>\n H\u01a1n 50,000m\u00b2 tranh t\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i l\u1edbn d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n (1) Tranh v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt. \u0110\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt \u0110\u00e0, B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t, H\u1ed9 ph\u00e1p c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng Th\u1ea7n linh kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi th\u1edd t\u1ef1. Tranh v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong d\u00f2ng tranh t\u01b0\u1eddng, Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt n\u00e0y ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd trong khung c\u1ea3nh Ph\u1eadt \u0111ang thuy\u1ebft Ph\u00e1p. Ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 933 b\u1ee9c v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 12208 h\u00ecnh Ph\u1eadt v\u1edbi mu\u00f4n v\u00e0n th\u1ea7n th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau. Trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt nh\u01b0 Tam th\u1ebf Ph\u1eadt, Th\u1ea5t th\u1ebf Ph\u1eadt, Th\u00edch Ca, \u0110a B\u1ea3o Ph\u1eadt, Hi\u1ec1n Ki\u1ebfp Thi\u00ean Ph\u1eadt, v.v; c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t c\u00f3 V\u0103n Th\u00f9, Ph\u1ed5 Hi\u1ec1n, Quan \u00c2m, Th\u1ebf Ch\u00ed, v.v. Thi\u00ean Long B\u00e1t B\u1ed9 c\u00f3 Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng, Long V\u01b0\u01a1ng, D\u1ea1 Xoa, Phi Thi\u00ean, A Tu La, Ca H\u1ea7u La (Kim X\u00ed \u0110i\u1ec3u V\u01b0\u01a1ng), Kh\u1ea9n Na La (L\u1ea1c Thi\u00ean), \u0110\u1ea1i M\u00e3ng Th\u1ea7n, v.v.<\/p>\n (2) C\u00e1c b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda theo \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. \u0110\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c tranh cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi B\u1eafc Ng\u1ee5y nh\u01b0 \u0110\u00f4ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u00f4ng, T\u00e2y V\u01b0\u01a1ng M\u1eabu, Ph\u1ee5c Hy, N\u1eef Oa, Thanh Long, B\u1ea1ch H\u1ed5, Chu T\u01b0\u1edbc, Huy\u1ec1n V\u0169 cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n gi\u00f3, th\u1ea7n m\u01b0a, th\u1ea7n s\u1ea5m ch\u1edbp trong \u0110\u1ea1o gia. Tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc xe c\u00f3 l\u1ecdng cao che ch\u1eafn, ph\u00eda sau xe c\u00f3 c\u1edd bay ph\u1ea5p ph\u1edbi, ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 kim d\u01b0\u01a1ng cao c\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, theo sau c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n th\u00fa \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n r\u1ed3ng \u0111i theo t\u00f9y h\u00e0nh. Chu T\u01b0\u1edbc, Huy\u1ec1n V\u0169, Thanh Long, B\u1ea1ch H\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng. Phi Li\u00eam v\u1ed7 c\u00e1nh m\u00e0 gi\u00f3 n\u1ed5i, L\u00f4i C\u00f4ng vung tay \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u1ed1ng, tia ch\u1edbp l\u00f3e l\u00ean nh\u01b0 s\u1eaft khoan v\u00e0o kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u1ea7n m\u01b0a phun s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9 m\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u01b0a x\u1ed1i x\u1ea3.<\/p>\n (3) Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh kinh bi\u1ebfn. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1p v\u1ebd li\u00ean ho\u00e0n, d\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t th\u00f4ng t\u1ee5c d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 kinh Ph\u1eadt. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh kinh bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m tranh kinh bi\u1ebfn n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng c\u00f3 \u201cPh\u00fac \u0110i\u1ec1n Kinh bi\u1ebfn\u201d, \u201cA Di \u0110\u00e0 Kinh bi\u1ebfn\u201d, \u201cDi L\u1eb7c kinh bi\u1ebfn\u201d, \u201cPh\u00e1p Hoa Kinh bi\u1ebfn\u201d, v.v.<\/p>\n (4) Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n Ph\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n. D\u00f2ng tranh n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c v\u1ebd v\u1ec1 \u201cTh\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u00e2n thai\u201d hay \u201cN\u1eeda \u0111\u00eam v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u00e0nh\u201d xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nhi\u1ec1u. \u0110i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda trong hang s\u1ed1 290 (th\u1eddi B\u1eafc Chu) g\u1ed3m s\u00e1u b\u1ee9c ho\u00e0nh phi, v\u1edbi 87 b\u1ee9c tranh gh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i theo c\u00e1ch li\u00ean ho\u00e0n, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca M\u00e2u Ni t\u1eeb khi ra \u0111\u1eddi cho t\u1edbi l\u00fac xu\u1ea5t gia. M\u1ed9t d\u1ea3i truy\u1ec7n tranh kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm g\u1eb7p trong d\u00f2ng tranh Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n (5) Tranh v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng tranh mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i b\u00e1o \u1ee9ng, h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ee9c trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi chuy\u1ec3n sinh c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u00e1c r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt tranh t\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u201cT\u00e1t Ch\u1ee7y Na hi\u1ebfn th\u00e2n cho h\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f3i\u201d, \u201cThi T\u00ec V\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ebb th\u1ecbt c\u1ee9u b\u1ed3 c\u00e2u\u201d, \u201cH\u01b0\u01a1u c\u1eedu s\u1eafc x\u1ea3 th\u00e2n c\u1ee9u ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d, \u201cTu C\u00e1t \u0110\u1ec1 d\u00f3c th\u1ecbt hi\u1ebfn (cho) cha\u201d, \u201cS\u01b0 t\u1eed Kim Mao\u201d, v.v.<\/p>\n (6) Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed Ph\u1eadt m\u00f4n, thi\u1ec7n nam t\u00edn n\u1eef v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f3a. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u1edf ch\u1ed7: n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda tr\u00ean ch\u1ec9 k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi trong nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca, th\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u1ea1i k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3 chuy\u1ec7n ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1eabn ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed Ph\u1eadt m\u00f4n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n nam t\u00edn n\u1eef. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cChuy\u1ec7n n\u0103m tr\u0103m t\u00ean c\u01b0\u1edbp th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt\u201d, \u201cSa Di gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 s\u00e1t\u201d, \u201cThi\u1ec7n H\u1eefu th\u00e1i t\u1eed xu\u1ed1ng bi\u1ec3n l\u1ea5y b\u1ea3o ng\u1ecdc\u201d v.v. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u1eb1m h\u01b0\u1edbng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00e1nh xa \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c, h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee9u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o \u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 sai l\u1ec7ch.<\/p>\n (7) Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh v\u1ec1 di t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00e9p s\u1eed k\u00fd m\u00e0 v\u1ebd th\u00e0nh c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n, bao g\u1ed3m: th\u00e1nh t\u00edch Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng, s\u1ef1 t\u00edch cao t\u0103ng, tranh th\u1ee5y t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, tranh gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt, v.v. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n \u201cl\u1ecbch s\u1eed vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng tranh\u201d v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Lo\u1ea1i tranh n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd \u1edf trong c\u00e1c h\u1ed1c hang, \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng lang v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ph\u1ee5 \u1edf c\u00e1c g\u00f3c. Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd \u1edf b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh di\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0 b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda \u201cTr\u01b0\u01a1ng Khi\u00ean xu\u1ea5t s\u1ee9 T\u00e2y V\u1ef1c\u201d trong hang s\u1ed1 323 , \u201cPh\u1eadt \u0110\u1ed3 \u0110\u0103ng\u201d v\u00e0 b\u1ee9c \u201cL\u01b0u T\u00e1t Ha\u201d trong hang s\u1ed1 72, v.v.<\/p>\n (8) Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 th\u1ee3 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc \u0111\u00e1 v\u00ec t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 b\u1ecf c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c t\u00e0i v\u1eadt ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o n\u00ean hang \u0111\u00e1 \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng. \u0110\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb s\u1ef1 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0u danh v\u1edbi h\u1eadu th\u1ebf. Khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u1edfi c\u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng Ph\u1eadt n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ebd l\u1ea1i ch\u00e2n dung c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, gia t\u1ed9c, h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c ch\u00e2n dung n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ee9c tranh v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u00f3 s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o trong c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 tranh t\u01b0\u1eddng trong hang \u0111\u1ed9ng, xem ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi l\u00e0, trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c b\u00edch h\u1ecda c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng c\u00f2n l\u01b0u gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 phi thi\u00ean, l\u1ea1c v\u0169 cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 giao th\u00f4ng th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n (1) Phi thi\u00ean<\/p>\n Phi thi\u00ean hay c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00c2m Th\u1ea7n, l\u00e0 thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Phi thi\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00eda tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1eb7c \u1edf tr\u00ean tr\u1ea7n hang n\u01a1i v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb cho b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi C\u1ef1c L\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n M\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n khi Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3ng Ph\u00e1p, c\u00e1c Phi thi\u00ean n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u bay l\u01b0\u1ee3n v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i hoa gi\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng trung, \u0111i\u1ec7u m\u00faa uy\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n, thanh tho\u00e1t, v\u1ea1t \u00e1o v\u00e0 t\u1ea5m kh\u0103n v\u1ea3i mang theo kh\u1ebd kh\u00e0ng l\u01b0\u1edbt \u0111i m\u1ec1m m\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ea1i thi h\u00e0o L\u00fd B\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: \u201cT\u1ed1 th\u1ee7 b\u00e1 ph\u00f9 dung, h\u01b0 b\u1ed9 nhi\u1ebfp th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng; Ngh\u00ea th\u01b0\u1eddng du\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1edbi, phi\u00eau ph\u00f9 th\u0103ng thi\u00ean h\u00e0nh.\u201d<\/p>\n D\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a: \u201cTay m\u1ec1m n\u00e2ng hoa sen, h\u01b0 b\u1ed9 b\u01b0\u1edbc (tr\u00ean) h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng; Trong \u0111i\u1ec7u kh\u00fac ngh\u00ea th\u01b0\u1eddng (tay) k\u00e9o d\u1ea3i l\u1ee5a, nh\u1eb9 bay l\u00ean tr\u1eddi cao.\u201d<\/p>\n H\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Phi thi\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n gian. Hi\u1ec7n nay, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u0169 \u0111i\u1ec7u m\u00faa Phi thi\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c b\u00edch h\u1ecda trong hang \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng. H\u00e0m ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Phi thi\u00ean trong truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2n gian l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn kh\u1edfi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00edn t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi C\u1ef1c L\u1ea1c. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ecda s\u0129 th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1ebd n\u00ean nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh Phi thi\u00ean v\u1edbi t\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u1ec1m m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 uy\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n l\u1ea1i s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eady, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u hang \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3i khi\u1ebfn cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f4m nay th\u00e1n ph\u1ee5c b\u1ed9i ph\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n Qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 hang M\u1ea1c cao hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 270 b\u1ee9c b\u00edch h\u1ecda c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh Phi thi\u00ean v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n 4500 h\u00ecnh. Ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang trong hang s\u1ed1 290 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 154 h\u00ecnh Phi thi\u00ean v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee7 lo\u1ea1i t\u01b0 th\u1ebf, h\u00ecnh Phi thi\u00ean l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 25m, nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 5cm. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh Phi thi\u00ean l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t trong qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 hang \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n (2) L\u1ea1c v\u0169<\/p>\n L\u1ea1c v\u0169 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 v\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1o. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda theo \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c t\u1ea1i hang \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ean hai tr\u0103m b\u1ee9c, trong \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ebd r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u1ea1c, nh\u1ea1c s\u0129, nh\u1ea1c kh\u00ed. Theo nh\u01b0 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 500 \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u1ea1c kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c th\u1ed5i, k\u00e9o, \u0111\u00e1nh, g\u1ea9y v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 40 ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ea1c kh\u00ed, t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 h\u01a1n 4500 h\u00ecnh. Trong c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c b\u00edch h\u1ecda \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng khi\u00eau v\u0169.<\/p>\n Tranh l\u1ea1c v\u0169 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda kinh bi\u1ebfn. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 b\u1ee9c A Di \u0110\u00e0 Kinh bi\u1ebfn trong hang s\u1ed1 220. Trong tranh Ph\u1eadt A Di \u0110\u00e0 ng\u1ed3i x\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea3 t\u1ecda tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0i sen \u1edf trung t\u00e2m h\u1ed3 b\u00e1u, Quan \u00c2m B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1ebf Ch\u00ed B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf hai b\u00ean tr\u00e1i ph\u1ea3i. B\u1ed1n xung quanh c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t v\u00e2y quanh. Trong h\u1ed3 g\u1ee3n s\u00f3ng xanh nh\u01b0 ng\u1ecdc, hoa sen n\u1edf r\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1eed vui v\u1ebb n\u00f4 \u0111\u00f9a. \u0110\u1ed9i nh\u1ea1c c\u00f3 16 ng\u01b0\u1eddi chia l\u00e0m hai khoang v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng tr\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 giai \u0111i\u1ec7u du d\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i m\u00faa tay c\u1ea7m kh\u0103n d\u00e0i, v\u1eeba v\u1eaby kh\u0103n v\u1eeba m\u00faa theo nh\u1ea1c, r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7u m\u00faa \u201cH\u1ed3 huy\u1ec1n\u201d c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y V\u1ef1c. B\u1ee9c V\u00f4 L\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1ecd kinh bi\u1ebfn trong hang th\u1ee9 217 v\u00e0 172 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00fa v\u1ecb v\u1edbi b\u1ee9c b\u00edch h\u1ecda trong hang s\u1ed1 220. Tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n tr\u1eddi r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, Phi thi\u00ean c\u01b0\u1ee1i tr\u00ean m\u00e2y tr\u1eafng, thi\u00ean nh\u1ea1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh m\u00e0 vang d\u1ed9i. C\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi C\u1ef1c L\u1ea1c th\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ef9 di\u1ec7u v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng!<\/p>\n B\u1ee9c “V\u00f4 L\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1ecd kinh bi\u1ebfn” trong hang s\u1ed1 217 (Ngu\u1ed3n:\u00a0Dunhuang Academy<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n B\u1ee9c “V\u00f4 L\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1ecd kinh bi\u1ebfn” trong hang s\u1ed1 172 (Ngu\u1ed3n: Tsinghua University Library<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n Trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda t\u1ea1i hang \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh l\u1ea1c v\u0169 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n gian. Nh\u01b0 doanh k\u1ef9 xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0nh trong b\u1ee9c tranh th\u1eddi Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Ngh\u1ecb; thanh th\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u1ef9 (ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n kinh doanh c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n) v\u00e0 b\u00e1ch h\u00fd (tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i d\u00e2n gian) trong b\u1ee9c tranh phu nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng hay \u0111i\u1ec7u m\u00faa L\u1ee5c C\u00f4ng trong tranh \u0111\u00e1m c\u01b0\u1edbi v.v.<\/p>\n T\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n, \u0111i\u1ec7u m\u00faa n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u201cNgh\u00ea th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u0169 y v\u0169\u201d th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1o trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c b\u00edch h\u1ecda c\u1ee7a hang \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng. C\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7u m\u00faa \u201cT\u1ef3 b\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e0n\u201d trong v\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1o Trung Qu\u1ed1c, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi v\u0169 l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng. C\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 700 chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u00e0n t\u1ef3 b\u00e0 v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 50 d\u1ea1ng t\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u1ea7m \u0111\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n Trong c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c b\u00edch h\u1ecda c\u00f2n c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u00faa \u0111\u1eb9p m\u1eaft, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec7u nh\u1ea1c v\u0169 n\u00e0y l\u1ebd n\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay sao? \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i cho ch\u00fang ta \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec?<\/p>\n L\u1ea1c v\u0169 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4n vinh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, v\u00ec v\u1eady n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m. M\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh l\u1ea1c v\u0169 trong c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c b\u00edch h\u1ecda \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 mong m\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p, s\u1ef1 k\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n v\u1edbi Th\u1ea7n Ph\u1eadt, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Nh\u00e2n h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n Lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 mang nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129a phi ph\u00e0m, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn t\u00e2m linh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u d\u01b0 v\u1ecb.<\/p>\n (3) Khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c b\u00edch h\u1ecda t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cao c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 trong phong c\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n m\u00e0u c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, v.v. \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 \u201ct\u01b0 li\u1ec7u s\u1ed1ng\u201d c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\n S\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c trong b\u1ee9c Ng\u0169 \u0110\u00e0i S\u01a1n trong hang 61 khi\u1ebfn cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f4m nay kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi b\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng th\u00e1n ph\u1ee5c. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng L\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u01b0 Th\u00e0nh sau khi xem xong b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00fai Ng\u0169 \u0110\u00e0i \u1edf S\u01a1n T\u00e2y v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Minh T\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trong b\u1ee9c tranh.<\/p>\n Ngo\u00e0i ra, nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u l\u1edbn tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 giao th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0110\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng c\u00e0ng khi\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa \u00fd. Nh\u01b0 xe m\u1ed9t b\u00e1nh, b\u1ed9 c\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1ef1a, b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1p ng\u1ef1a, \u0111inh \u0111\u00f3ng m\u00f3ng ng\u1ef1a, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n Trong c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c b\u00edch h\u1ecda c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 80 b\u1ee9c \u201cN\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3\u201d (b\u1ee9c tranh canh t\u00e1c n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p) \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m t\u1eeb th\u1eddi B\u1eafc tri\u1ec1u cho t\u1edbi th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 trong h\u01a1n m\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb gieo h\u1ea1t cho t\u1edbi thu ho\u1ea1ch v\u1edbi h\u01a1n hai m\u01b0\u01a1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 b\u1ee9c tranh canh t\u00e1c trong hang s\u1ed1 445 \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ebd n\u00ean c\u1ea3nh gieo h\u1ea1t, thu ho\u1ea1ch, v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n, l\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng, ngh\u1ec9 gi\u1eefa v\u1ee5 cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eadp kho th\u00f3c. Trong b\u1ee9c tranh n\u00e0y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfc c\u00e0y Khu\u1ea5t Nguy\u00ean – l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 canh t\u00e1c n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n B\u1ee9c tranh canh t\u00e1c trong hang s\u1ed1 445 \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ebd n\u00ean c\u1ea3nh gieo h\u1ea1t, thu ho\u1ea1ch, v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n, l\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng, ngh\u1ec9 gi\u1eefa v\u1ee5 cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eadp kho th\u00f3c. (Ngu\u1ed3n: Sohu<\/a>\u00a0v\u00e0 Dunhuang Academy<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n Tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c b\u00edch h\u1ecda c\u00f2n l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh r\u1ea5t qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0: tr\u00e2u, ng\u1ef1a, l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e0, la, l\u1eeba, voi, thuy\u1ec1n, xe, xe ng\u1ef1a k\u00e9o, v.v. Nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i tr\u00ean \u201cCon \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a\u201d c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/hang-285.jpg\")
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