{"id":26881,"date":"2020-12-11T08:16:28","date_gmt":"2020-12-11T08:16:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?p=26881"},"modified":"2025-05-31T03:51:02","modified_gmt":"2025-05-30T20:51:02","slug":"dao-cua-chu-han-4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2020\/12\/dao-cua-chu-han-4.html","title":{"rendered":"\u0110\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef H\u00e1n (4)"},"content":{"rendered":"

[Chanhkien.org]<\/strong><\/p>\n

3. \u0110\u1ea1o l\u00fd v\u1ec1 c\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o<\/p>\n

Chi\u1ec3u theo l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o gia, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gian kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed5n quy ch\u00e2n, \u201cPh\u1ee5c quy vu v\u00f4 c\u1ef1c\u201d (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 28 trong \u0110\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ee9c Kinh). C\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, trong H\u00e1n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

1. Ch\u1eef Tr\u00ed (\u667a)<\/p>\n

K\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef Tr\u00ed (\u667a) g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 ch\u1eef Tri (\u77e5) \u1edf b\u00ean tr\u00ean v\u00e0 ch\u1eef Nh\u1eadt (\u65e5) \u1edf b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi; Tr\u00ed c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft, \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u0169ng minh b\u1ea1ch. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a H\u00e1n t\u1ef1 n\u00e0y m\u00e0 x\u00e9t, th\u00ec \u201cNh\u1eadt Tri\u201d (\u65e5\u77e5) chi v\u1ecb Tr\u00ed – c\u00f3 h\u00e0m ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thu th\u1eadp tri th\u1ee9c, minh b\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd, ki\u00ean tr\u00ec kh\u00f4ng bu\u00f4ng l\u01a1i th\u00ec t\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh Tr\u00ed gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

2. Ch\u1eef Hu\u1ec7 (\u6167)<\/p>\n

H\u00e0m ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ec7 (\u6167) l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng minh, c\u00f3 t\u00e0i tr\u00ed. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef h\u00ecnh thanh ki\u00eam h\u1ed9i \u00fd, k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u g\u1ed3m ch\u1eef Tu\u1ec7 (\u5f57) v\u00e0 ch\u1eef T\u00e2m (\u5fc3), Tu\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ed5i d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e9t d\u1ecdn r\u00e1c r\u01b0\u1edfi v\u00e0 b\u1ee5i b\u1eb7m, T\u00e2m ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u00e2m, ph\u00e0m l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u00e2m b\u1ecb b\u1ee5i tr\u1ea7n che m\u1edd, l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n th\u1eddi th\u1eddi kh\u1eafc kh\u1eafc \u201cqu\u00e9t d\u1ecdn\u201d. V\u1eady n\u00ean t\u1eeb k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng thanh tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng nh\u00e2n t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u0103ng th\u00eam ho\u1eb7c gia c\u01b0\u1eddng cho ch\u00fang. L\u00e3o t\u1eed c\u00f3 c\u00e2u r\u1eb1ng: V\u1ecb h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadt \u00edch, v\u1ecb \u0110\u1ea1o nh\u1eadt t\u1ed5n. \u201cT\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t\u201d c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7u \u0110\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n sinh tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa Hu\u1ec7 (\u6167) v\u00e0 H\u1ed9i (\u4f1a) l\u00e0 hai ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00e2m (\u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u00e2m \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u201chu\u00ec\u201d), c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean Hu\u1ec7 \u6167 – qu\u00e9t d\u1ecdn th\u00ec nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd c\u00f3 H\u1ed9i \u4f1a – thu ho\u1ea1ch, bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

3. Ch\u1eef H\u1ecdc (\u5b66)<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef H\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft l\u00e0: \u5b78 , c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u6586 . Ph\u00eda tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef H\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef H\u00e0o (\u723b) , v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 qu\u1ebb H\u00e0o trong Chu D\u1ecbch, c\u1ed5 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u00e0nh Hi\u1ec7u: c\u00f3 \u00fd l\u00e0 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc, noi theo, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n ngh\u0129a th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1o: v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ph\u00eda tr\u00ean l\u1ea1i th\u00eam l\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u hai b\u00ean th\u00ec s\u1ebd gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh nh\u01b0 hai b\u00e0n tay \u0111ang n\u00e2ng s\u00e1ch l\u00ean (nh\u00ecn k\u00fd t\u1ef1 ?). Ch\u1eef T\u1eed (\u5b50) b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb khi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u00e2n l\u00fac c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb. L\u1ea1i n\u00f3i ch\u1eef T\u1eed (\u5b50) v\u00e0 ch\u1eef Ph\u1ed1c (\u6535) b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh ch\u1eef T\u01b0 (\u5b5c) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n c\u00f9, si\u00eang n\u0103ng, c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng, bu\u00f4ng l\u01a1i. Trong Thuy\u1ebft v\u0103n gi\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 sau v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb H\u1ecdc: gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 d\u00e3. C\u0169ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 th\u00ec nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n m\u1eabn h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bu\u00f4ng l\u01a1i, h\u1eddi h\u1ee3t.<\/p>\n

4. Ch\u1eef \u0110i\u1ec3n (\u5178)<\/p>\n

H\u00e0m ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0110i\u1ec3n l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p t\u1eafc, c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1p t\u1eafc. Ch\u1eef \u0110i\u1ec3n trong H\u00e1n t\u1ef1 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch (kinh s\u00e1ch) c\u1ee7a Ng\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc th\u00e1nh hi\u1ec1n gi\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110i\u1ec3n. Trong \u201cNh\u0129 Nha Th\u00edch Ng\u00f4n\u201d \u0110i\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0 Kinh. Trong Thuy\u1ebft v\u0103n gi\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u0110i\u1ec3n (\u5178) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb ch\u1eef \u518a (\u518c\uff09v\u00e0 ch\u1eef \u4e0c, \u518a ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch, \u4e0c nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ec7m l\u00f3t \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 di\u1ec5n ngh\u0129a th\u00e0nh th\u00f9ng s\u00e1ch, gi\u00e1 s\u00e1ch, h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef n\u00e0y bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7n qu\u00fd tr\u1ecdng th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch, kinh s\u00e1ch, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem tr\u1ecdng. Ch\u1eef \u0110i\u1ec3n (\u5178) l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00e2m v\u1edbi ch\u1eef \u0110i\u00ean (\u5dc5) – ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec9nh, ch\u00f3p, ng\u1ecdn, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng: ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cao nh\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n. B\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay tu \u0110\u1ea1o th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cao nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc th\u00e1nh hi\u1ec1n gi\u00e1c gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

5. Ch\u1eef \u0110\u1ecbnh (\u5b9a)<\/p>\n

K\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef \u0110\u1ecbnh (\u5b9a) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef Mi\u00ean (\u5b80) k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef Ch\u00ednh (\u6b63), ngh\u0129a b\u1ea3n nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 an t\u0129nh. Ch\u1eef Mi\u00ean n\u00e0y trong ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n c\u1ed5 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t H\u00e1n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, \u00e2m \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cmi\u00e1n\u201d, ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda c\u00f3 m\u00e1i che, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 nh\u00e0, l\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng. B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef Ch\u00ednh (\u6b63). Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh, th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u00e2m c\u1ea7n \u0111oan ch\u00ednh, th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 t\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u1ea7n \u0111oan ch\u00ednh. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3ng s\u00e2u h\u01a1n th\u00ec \u201cCh\u1ec9 vu Nh\u1ea5t\u201d vi Ch\u00ednh (\u201c\u6b62\u4e8e \u4e00\u201d \u4e3a\u6b63) – ch\u1eef Ch\u1ec9 (\u6b62) v\u00e0 ch\u1eef Nh\u1ea5t (\u4e00) k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ch\u1eef Ch\u00ednh (\u6b63), Ch\u1ec9 (\u6b62) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn, Nh\u1ea5t (\u4e00) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o. V\u00ec v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef n\u00e0y m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i r\u1eb1ng: an t\u0129nh \u1edf b\u00ean trong ph\u00f2ng, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1o, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201c\u0110\u1ecbnh\u201d (\u5b9a). B\u1edfi v\u00ec, khi h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1o r\u1ed3i th\u00ec l\u00fac n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tri \u0110\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1eafc \u0110\u1ea1o, v\u00ec v\u1eady c\u1ed5 nh\u00e2n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh Hu\u1ec7, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

6. Ch\u1eef B\u00fat (\u7b14)<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1eefa B\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft l\u00e0: \u201c\u7b46\u201d, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c v\u1ebd, c\u0169ng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 ghi ch\u00e9p. K\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 Tr\u00fac (\u7af9) v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 Du\u1eadt (\u807f). \u201cDu\u1eadt\u201d (\u807f) l\u00e0 ch\u1eef g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef B\u00fat, tr\u00ean ch\u1eef ti\u1ec3u tri\u1ec7n l\u00e0 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f4i tay \u0111ang c\u1ea7m b\u00fat. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, th\u00e2n b\u00fat l\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng tr\u00fac, v\u1eady n\u00ean trong ch\u1eef B\u00fat l\u00e0 c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 Tr\u00fac \u0111i c\u00f9ng. X\u00e9t tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c, k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef B\u00fat (\u7b46) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 do ba b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh, l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 Tr\u00fac (\u7af9), b\u1ed9 Du\u1eadt (?), b\u1ed9 Nh\u1ea5t (\u4e00). \u201cTr\u00fac\u201d (\u7af9) l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c n\u00ean b\u00fat, \u201cDu\u1eadt\u201d (\u807f) l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt tay, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef; c\u00f2n Nh\u1ea5t (\u4e00) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o. C\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, d\u00f9ng b\u00fat vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef, s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ra \u0110\u1ea1o, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c h\u00f4m nay d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef \u201c\u7b14\u201d , l\u00e0 c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 \u201cTr\u00fac\u201d (\u7af9) v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 \u201cMao\u201d (\u6bdb) h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh, ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y b\u00fat ra (g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 th\u00e2n l\u00e0 tr\u00fac v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m ng\u00f2i) th\u00ec ch\u1eef \u201c\u7b14\u201d n\u00e0y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay, \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c vi\u1ebft ra \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i n\u1eb1m trong c\u00e1i khung ch\u1eadt k\u00edn c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u00f4n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean hay m\u00f4n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i n\u1eb1m trong khung th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Mao, c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng suy x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o hay kh\u00f4ng, v\u00ec v\u1eady n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi xa ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ea1o m\u1ea5t r\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

7. Ch\u1eef \u201cS\u1eed\u201d (\u53f2)<\/p>\n

Trong Thuy\u1ebft v\u0103n gi\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: S\u1eed \u53f2 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ghi l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c, k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 H\u1ef1u (\u53c8) v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 Trung (\u4e2d), Trung c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh, nghi\u00eam ch\u00ednh. Ch\u1eef H\u1ef1u (\u53c8) l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 tay (b\u00e0n tay). Ch\u1eef S\u1eed \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00e2m v\u1edbi ch\u1eef Th\u1ef1c (\u5b9e), ch\u1eef S\u1ef1 (\u4e8b), ch\u1eef Th\u1ecb (\u662f) (\u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u201csh\u00ec\u201d). C\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0 do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft ra, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ghi l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1ch quan, trung ch\u00ednh, ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7u th\u1ecb, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang theo t\u01b0 t\u00e2m hay v\u00ec duy h\u1ed9 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ra. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta h\u00f4m nay \u0111a ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

8. Ch\u1eef \u00dd (\u610f)<\/p>\n

K\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef \u00dd (\u610f) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef \u00e2m (\u97f3) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef T\u00e2m (\u5fc3), \u201cT\u00e2m \u00e2m (\u00e2m thanh c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i tim) vi \u00dd\u201d (\u201c\u5fc3\u97f3\u201d\uff08\u5fc3\u58f0\uff09\u4e3a\u610f), ch\u1ec9 t\u00e2m \u00fd c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ch\u1eef \u00dd c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch ra th\u00e0nh ch\u1eef L\u1eadp (\u7acb), ch\u1eef Nh\u1eadt (\u65e5) v\u00e0 ch\u1eef T\u00e2m (\u5fc3). Ch\u1eef L\u1eadp bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec9nh thi\u00ean l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba, ch\u1eef Nh\u1eadt bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1i quang minh, ch\u1eef T\u00e2m d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m. Ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u00f3 l\u00fac c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft minh \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 ra ngo\u00e0i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y, k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c t\u1eebng \u00fd t\u1eebng ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u00e2m thanh, khi ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1eeba ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t ra xong th\u00ec nh\u1eefng sinh m\u1ec7nh cao c\u1ea5p l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c li\u1ec1n nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng nghe th\u1ea5y, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u00f3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat ri\u00eang t\u01b0 n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. V\u00ec v\u1eady l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec t\u00e2m n\u00ean ngay ch\u00ednh, n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m c\u1ea7n quang minh.<\/p>\n

9. Ch\u1eef T\u01b0 (\u601d)<\/p>\n

Ch\u1eef T\u01b0, ngo\u00e0i ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00ec trong ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n c\u1ed5 ch\u1eef T\u01b0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c. \u201cT\u01b0 vi\u1ebft dung, ng\u00f4n t\u00e2m chi s\u1edf h\u01b0, v\u00f4 b\u1ea5t bao d\u00e3.\u201d – tr\u00edch trong \u201cTh\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 h\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea1m\u201d. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u1ea1o ch\u1eef m\u00e0 x\u00e9t, ch\u1eef T\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef h\u1ed9i \u00fd ki\u00eam h\u00ecnh thanh, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 hai b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 ch\u1eef T\u00e2m (\u5fc3) v\u00e0 ch\u1eef T\u00edn (\u56df), T\u00edn d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u00e2m \u0111\u1ecdc. T\u00edn l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o. C\u1ed5 nh\u00e2n cho r\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 do t\u00e2m v\u00e0 n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c m\u00e0 s\u1ea3n sinh. B\u1ed5n ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a T\u01b0 (\u601d) l\u00e0 suy x\u00e9t, ngh\u0129, c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n, T\u01b0 (\u601d) v\u00e0 T\u01b0 (\u79c1- t\u01b0 t\u00e2m) l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00e2m (c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u201cs\u00ec\u201d). B\u1edfi v\u00ec H\u00e1n t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0: \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00e2m \u0111\u1ed3ng nguy\u00ean. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00e2m v\u1edbi nhau c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng: d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i, thay th\u1ebf, b\u1ed5 sung, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ho\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt cho nhau. B\u1edfi v\u1eady v\u1ed1n d\u0129 \u201ct\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d (\u601d\u60f3) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201ct\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d (\u79c1\u60f3) – t\u00ednh to\u00e1n nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u01b0 l\u1ee3i cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111ang \u201ct\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u201d (\u60f3\u79c1) – ngh\u0129 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111i\u1ec1u ri\u00eang t\u01b0. Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb Th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n gi\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 \u201ct\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng gia\u201d (\u79c1\u60f3\u5bb6) – nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

(10) Ch\u1eef T\u01b0\u1edfng (\u60f3)<\/p>\n

Trong ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, T\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy, ho\u00e0i ni\u1ec7m, ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea7u, suy \u0111o\u00e1n, hy v\u1ecdng,v.v.. T\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 ch\u1eef t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thanh, c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb hai ch\u1eef T\u01b0\u1ee3ng (\u76f8) v\u00e0 T\u00e2m (\u5fc3). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef h\u00ecnh thanh ki\u00eam h\u1ed9i \u00fd. Trong \u0111\u00f3 T\u00e2m l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 nh\u00e2n t\u00e2m, h\u00e0m ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a T\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 dung m\u1ea1o, d\u00e1ng v\u1ebb, h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v.v…T\u1eeb k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef n\u00e0y m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, t\u00e2m chi t\u01b0\u1edbng vi t\u01b0\u1edfng (\u5fc3\u4e4b\u76f8\u4e3a\u60f3). C\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u00f3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng, tr\u00ean c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi cao t\u1ea7ng m\u00e0 nh\u00ecn th\u00ec \u201cngh\u0129 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec\u201d ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111ang suy ngh\u0129\u201d, v\u00ec v\u1eady con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ed9ng ni\u1ec7m th\u00ec nh\u1eefng sinh m\u1ec7nh b\u00ean kia s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129 ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129a x\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u00e0 ma d\u00f9i v\u00e0o m\u00e0 thao t\u00fang ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea5u. B\u1edfi v\u1eady \u0110\u1ea1o gia m\u1edbi gi\u1ea3ng: thanh t\u0129nh v\u00f4 vi. Trong D\u1ecb Truy\u1ec1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3ng \u201cD\u1ecb v\u00f4 t\u01b0 d\u00e3, v\u00f4 vi d\u00e3, t\u1ecbch nhi\u00ean b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u1ea3m nhi to\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 chi c\u1ed1\u201d. C\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 tr\u00ean cao t\u1ea7ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 l\u00e0 sau khi t\u0129nh t\u00e2m nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u00f9ng t\u00e2m m\u00e0 c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng, c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ch\u1eef T\u01b0\u1edfng (\u60f3) c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00e2m v\u1edbi ch\u1eef H\u01b0\u1edfng (\u54cd – H\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 \u00e2m h\u01b0\u1edfng, ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed9ng), t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 \u00e2m thanh, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng thuy\u1ebft minh trong \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh v\u1eady. B\u1edfi v\u1eady c\u1ed5 nh\u00e2n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 c\u00e2u: nh\u00e2n sinh nh\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m, thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ea5t t\u1eadn tri. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian, kh\u00f4ng ai l\u00e0 c\u00f3 b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

(11) Ch\u1eef Ng\u1ed9 (\u609f)<\/p>\n

K\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef Ng\u1ed9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef T\u00e2m \u0111\u1ee9ng (\u5fc4) th\u00eam v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef Ng\u00f4 (\u543e), T\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho nh\u00e2n t\u00e2m, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu luy\u1ec7n m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e2m t\u00ednh, Ng\u00f4 l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh. B\u1ed5n ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb Ng\u1ed9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 minh b\u1ea1ch, hi\u1ec3u, th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh. T\u1eeb k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef Ng\u1ed9 n\u00e0y m\u00e0 x\u00e9t th\u00ec khi g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e2m t\u00ednh \u1edf b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ng\u1ed9 t\u00ednh cao. B\u1edfi v\u00ec khi ch\u00fang ta g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 phi\u1ec1n ph\u1ee9c hay v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00ec th\u00ec tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e2m t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n ch\u00fang ta, v\u00ec v\u1eady mu\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb t\u00e2m t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, c\u00f3 c\u00e2u n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u201cC\u1ea3nh t\u00f9y t\u00e2m chuy\u1ec3n\u201d ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

(12) Ch\u1eef Th\u1ee7 (\u5b88)<\/p>\n

K\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef Th\u1ee7 (\u5b88) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef Mi\u00ean (\u5b80) th\u00eam m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef Th\u1ed1n (\u5bf8), b\u1ed5n ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9, tr\u00f4ng nom, b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec. Trong Thuy\u1ebft v\u0103n gi\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: Th\u1ee7 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Th\u1ee7 quan, b\u1ed9 Mi\u00ean (\u5b80) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 quan ph\u1ee7, b\u1ed9 Th\u1ed1n (\u5bf8) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p t\u1eafc, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. Ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef Th\u1ee7 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m x\u1eb1ng b\u1eady. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu luy\u1ec7n m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, th\u00ec l\u1eddi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u01b0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c. V\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 theo l\u1eddi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u01b0 th\u00ec s\u1ebd gi\u1eef v\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

(13) Ch\u1eef \u0110\u1ee9c (\u5fb7)<\/p>\n

K\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef X\u00edch (\u5f73) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef \u3941 gh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau, ch\u1eef \u3941 l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 thanh \u0111\u1ecdc. Ch\u1eef X\u00edch l\u00e0 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111i l\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn ngh\u0129a ra l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 h\u00e0nh vi, c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c. Ch\u1eef \u3941 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 \u60b3\u3001\u60ea, k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef \u3941 l\u00e0 g\u1ed3m 4 ch\u1eef gh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau: Th\u1eadp (\u5341), M\u1ee5c (\u76ee), Nh\u1ea5t (\u4e00), T\u00e2m (\u5fc3). Trong \u0111\u00f3 Th\u1eadp M\u1ee5c l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f2n Nh\u1ea5t T\u00e2m l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n t\u00e2m. B\u1edfi v\u1eady trong Thuy\u1ebft v\u0103n gi\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 m\u1edbi nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, ch\u1eef \u0110\u1ee9c (\u5fb7) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i th\u00ec \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u00ean trong th\u00ec \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh. C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng v\u1eeba \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1edf nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c. V\u00ec v\u1eady ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: d\u0129 \u0110\u1ee9c ph\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n (d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ee9c m\u00e0 thu ph\u1ee5c l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi), \u0110\u1ee9c cao v\u1ecdng tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, ch\u1eef \u0110\u1ee9c (\u5fb7) c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00e2m v\u1edbi ch\u1eef \u0110\u1eafc (\u5f97), c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ee9c th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1edf \u0110\u1eafc, c\u00f3 ph\u00fac ph\u1eadn, v\u00f4 \u0110\u1ee9c th\u00ec v\u00f4 s\u1edf \u0110\u1eafc, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00fac ph\u1eadn. M\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau \u0110\u1ee9c th\u00ec c\u00f3 b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau ph\u00fac ph\u1eadn, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf c\u1ed5 nh\u00e2n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 c\u00e2u: \u201cThi\u00ean h\u1ea1 duy h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3 c\u01b0 chi\u201d (trong thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ee9c m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh s\u1ed1ng, c\u01b0 tr\u00fa). Trong H\u00e1n ng\u1eef c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, ch\u1eef \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f2n c\u00f3 h\u00e0m ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u0103ng l\u00ean, th\u0103ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 th\u0103ng, v\u00ec \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1o, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf cho n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ee9c l\u1edbn th\u00ec s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec1 cao c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, trong gi\u1edbi tu luy\u1ec7n nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u0103n c\u01a1 t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n

(14) Ch\u1eef B\u1ed5n (\u672c)<\/p>\n

H\u00e0m ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef B\u1ed5n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y c\u1ecf. Thuy\u1ebft v\u0103n gi\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 vi\u1ebft: m\u1ed9c h\u1ea1 vi\u1ebft b\u1ed5n – \u6728\u4e0b\u66f0\u672c (ch\u1ed7 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9c, b\u1ed9 r\u1ec5 th\u00ec vi\u1ebft th\u00e0nh b\u1ed5n). Ngo\u00e0i ra B\u1ed5n c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u01a1 kh\u1edfi, nguy\u00ean lai, c\u0103n nguy\u00ean, k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u g\u1ed3m ch\u1eef M\u1ee5c (\u672c) v\u00e0 ch\u1eef Nh\u1ea5t (\u4e00). Trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft ng\u0169 h\u00e0nh, M\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 sinh, v\u00ec v\u1eady ch\u1eef B\u1ed5n n\u00e0y ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho sinh m\u1ec7nh, ch\u00fang sinh. M\u00e0 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Nh\u1ea5t (\u4e00) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0110\u1ea1o. Thuy\u1ebft v\u0103n gi\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 vi\u1ebft: duy s\u01a1 th\u00e1i th\u1ee7y, \u0110\u1ea1o l\u1eadp vu nh\u1ea5t, t\u1ea1o ph\u00e2n thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba, h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt. V\u00ec v\u1eady t\u1eeb k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef B\u1ed5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, b\u1ea3n nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o, \u0110\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu \u0110\u1ea1o m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m xa r\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1o, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00ean m\u1ea5t B\u1ed5n. K\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh sinh trong th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c ai ai c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

(15) Ch\u1eef Thu\u1eadt (\u672f)<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef Thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft l\u00e0: \u8853 , h\u00e0m ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng, k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c, v.v.. K\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb ba b\u1ed9: b\u1ed9 X\u00edch (\u5f73), b\u1ed9 Thu\u1eadt (\u672f) v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 X\u00fac (\u4e8d). Trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eef X\u00edch v\u00e0 ch\u1eef X\u00fac c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a ch\u1ec9 hai b\u00ean ch\u00e2n trong t\u01b0 th\u1ebf b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i, b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n tr\u00e1i vi\u1ebft th\u00e0nh X\u00edch (\u5f73), c\u00f2n b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft th\u00e0nh X\u00fac (\u4e8d), c\u1ea3 hai h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i gh\u00e9p th\u00e0nh ch\u1eef H\u00e0nh (\u884c). Ch\u1eef H\u00e0nh (\u884c) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n nhi h\u00e0nh chi, ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i. M\u00e0 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef Thu\u1eadt (\u672f) l\u00e0 b\u00ean tr\u00ean ch\u1eef M\u1ed9c (\u6728) vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5m. Trong nguy\u00ean l\u00fd Th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c, M\u1ed9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1o, trong th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o th\u00ec d\u1ea5m ch\u1ea5m ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Thu\u1eadt (\u672f), s\u1edf d\u0129 \u0110\u1ea1o thu\u1eadt (Ph\u00e1p thu\u1eadt) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd n\u00e0y. Trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 Thu\u1eadt (\u672f), v\u00ed nh\u01b0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, v\u00f5 thu\u1eadt, s\u1ed1 thu\u1eadt, y thu\u1eadt, to\u00e1n thu\u1eadt, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1eadt cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, n\u1ea5u \u0103n, nu\u00f4i tr\u1ed3ng v.v.. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00e2m thu\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c ch\u00e2n tay ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. V\u00f4 lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 t\u00e2m thu\u1eadt hay k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng sinh t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea1o tu \u0110\u1ea1o. Thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1o m\u00e0 l\u00e0m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, \u0110\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o Thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ra. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ea1o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Thu\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Thu\u1eadt c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea1o. \u0110\u1ea1o cao bao nhi\u00eau th\u00ec Thu\u1eadt cao b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau, \u0110\u1ea1o l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o Ng\u1ed9 t\u00ednh m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1ed9 t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng cao th\u00ec Thu\u1eadt s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng tinh th\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

(16) Ch\u1eef L\u1ed9 (\u8def)<\/p>\n

K\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef L\u1ed9 (\u8def) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef T\u00fac (\u8db3) gh\u00e9p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef C\u00e1c (\u5404), b\u1ed5n ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0110\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ed3 (\u9014) (con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng). Trong \u0111\u00f3 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef C\u00e1c (\u5404) l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau, T\u00fac (\u8db3) l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n. B\u1edfi v\u1eady t\u1eeb k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef n\u00e0y m\u00e0 x\u00e9t th\u00ec con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu hay c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, d\u00f9 cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng \u0111i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu \u0110\u1ea1o m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, b\u1edfi v\u00ec nguy\u00ean lai c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau, cho n\u00ean n\u01a1i quy v\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau, v\u1eady n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, tuy nhi\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n chi\u1ec3u theo ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ea1o m\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb sai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

(17) Ch\u1eef T\u1ef1 (\u5bfa)<\/p>\n

K\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef t\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef Th\u1ed5 (\u571f) k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef Th\u1ed1n (\u5bf8), Th\u1ed1n (\u5bf8) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, ph\u00e9p t\u1eafc. C\u1ed5 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng \u0111em ch\u1eef Th\u1ed1n (\u5bf8) l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh ch\u1eef Th\u1ee7 (\u5b88), Th\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p vi Th\u1ed1n ( \u5b88\u6cd5\u4e3a\u5bf8 – ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, ph\u00e9p t\u1eafc l\u00e0 nghi\u00eam minh, c\u00f3 chu\u1ea9n t\u1eafc, th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o). \u1ede th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, T\u1ef1 l\u00e0 t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc (c\u00f4ng s\u1edf, c\u00f4ng th\u1ef1), v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0: \u0110\u1ea1i L\u00fd T\u1ef1 (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p vi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1i cao), Quan L\u1ed9c T\u1ef1 (nh\u00e0 \u1edf c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u), Th\u00e1i Th\u01b0\u1eddng T\u1ef1 (n\u01a1i qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c l\u1ec5 nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 th\u1edd c\u00fang trong t\u00f4ng mi\u1ebfu), H\u1ed3ng L\u01b0 T\u1ef1 (n\u01a1i qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd vi\u1ec7c ngo\u1ea1i giao, l\u1ec5 ngh\u0129a, v.v..), Th\u00e1i B\u1ed9c T\u1ef1 (n\u01a1i qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn xe v\u00e0 ng\u1ef1a), v.v.. Sau khi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o Trung Qu\u1ed1c, th\u00ec n\u01a1i tu luy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t gia c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u1ef1. B\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng s\u1edf hay l\u00e0 trong t\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7n, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 n\u01a1i nh\u00e2n gian, b\u1edfi v\u1eady trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a Th\u1ea7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m quan c\u0169ng l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c tu h\u00e0nh, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc trung th\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tu luy\u1ec7n, ai ai c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef n\u00e0y m\u00e0 x\u00e9t th\u00ec: Th\u1ed1n th\u1ed5 vi t\u1ef1 (\u5bf8\u571f\u4e3a\u5bfa) , th\u1ed1n th\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u1ea5c l\u00f2ng, l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u00e2m. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n trong t\u00e2m c\u00f3 t\u1ed3n Ph\u00e1p th\u00ec b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 th\u00e2n t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 trong t\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7n, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 trong tu h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

(18) Ch\u1eef H\u00fd (\u620f)<\/p>\n

Ch\u1eef H\u00fd (\u620f) c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft kh\u00e1c l\u00e0: \u622f , H\u01b0 Qua vi H\u00fd (\u865a\u6208\u4e3a\u620f – binh kh\u00ed gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 h\u00fd), nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng b\u00e0y bi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c xem. \u0110\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1edf k\u1ecbch, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111ang trong m\u1ed9t v\u1edf k\u1ecbch, v\u1eady th\u00ec s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ai l\u1ea1i coi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 t\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t sinh trong v\u1edf k\u1ecbch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ea3, c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ai s\u1ebd ch\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o c\u00e1c vai di\u1ec5n kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng tham luy\u1ebfn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t ra trong v\u1edf k\u1ecbch \u0111\u00f3, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 ti\u1ec1n t\u00e0i, d\u00f9 r\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n \u0111\u1ed3 trong tay m\u00ecnh \u0111ang c\u1ea7m ch\u1eafc nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 v\u00ec t\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft trong v\u1edf k\u1ecbch c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn. V\u00ec th\u1ebf t\u1ea1i sao c\u1ea7n coi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, c\u1ea7n g\u00ec t\u00ednh to\u00e1n l\u1ea1i c\u1ea7n g\u00ec m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec n\u00f3 m\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u00e2y?<\/p>\n

D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ph\u00eda tr\u00ean ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n cho \u0111\u1ebfn tu \u0111\u1ea1o, th\u00ec trong H\u00e1n t\u1ef1 Th\u1ea7n truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3i th\u1ecb \u1edf nh\u1eefng t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c nhau, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1o. T\u1eeb trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp hay tu \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch, ch\u0103m ch\u00fa th\u1ec3 h\u1ed9i h\u00e0m \u00fd v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u trong m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u ch\u1eef, ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eebng \u00fd t\u1eebng ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, ki\u00ean tr\u00ec kh\u00f4ng bu\u00f4ng l\u01a1i th\u00ec nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch t\u1eeb: http:\/\/www.zhengjian.org\/node\/259205<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[Chanhkien.org] 3. \u0110\u1ea1o l\u00fd v\u1ec1 c\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o Chi\u1ec3u theo l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o gia, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gian kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed5n quy ch\u00e2n, \u201cPh\u1ee5c quy vu v\u00f4 c\u1ef1c\u201d (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 28 trong \u0110\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ee9c Kinh). C\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, trong H\u00e1n […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[304,103],"tags":[281],"class_list":["post-26881","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-loat-bai","category-vanhoa-truyenthong","tag-dao-cua-chu-han"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n\u0110\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef H\u00e1n (4) - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2020\/12\/dao-cua-chu-han-4.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0110\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef H\u00e1n (4) - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[Chanhkien.org] 3. \u0110\u1ea1o l\u00fd v\u1ec1 c\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o Chi\u1ec3u theo l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o gia, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gian kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed5n quy ch\u00e2n, \u201cPh\u1ee5c quy vu v\u00f4 c\u1ef1c\u201d (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 28 trong \u0110\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ee9c Kinh). 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