{"id":26318,"date":"2020-05-25T05:25:36","date_gmt":"2020-05-25T05:25:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?p=26318"},"modified":"2025-06-12T10:30:08","modified_gmt":"2025-06-12T03:30:08","slug":"tong-quan-ve-lich-su-nhiep-anh-va-su-chuyen-doi-cua-cac-khai-niem-nghe-thuat-nhiep-anh-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2020\/05\/tong-quan-ve-lich-su-nhiep-anh-va-su-chuyen-doi-cua-cac-khai-niem-nghe-thuat-nhiep-anh-1.html","title":{"rendered":"T\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh (1)"},"content":{"rendered":"

[ChanhKien.org]<\/strong><\/p>\n

L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh (ch\u1ee5p h\u00ecnh) xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng x\u1ea3y ra xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa quan ni\u1ec7m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u1edfi ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra t\u1eeb xu h\u01b0\u1edbng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m gi\u1eefa truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tranh lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u00ec v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c nhau, bi\u1ebft ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00ean kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c t\u00ednh th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 ranh gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; m\u1ed9t khi hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 r\u1ed3i, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c. Kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i quan ni\u1ec7m m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 l\u00fd t\u00ednh, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1ebd ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i t\u01b0 duy l\u00fd ni\u1ec7m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Do hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00f3 h\u1ea1n, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd \u0111i\u1ec3m ra nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh. C\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u00f4i lu\u00f4n t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng: \u201cNh\u1edb l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u00edch c\u1ef1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng\u201d. Trong ng\u00e0nh h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u1ec1n ng\u1eabm m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9, theo tr\u00ed nh\u1edb m\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn. H\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 h\u1ea1n, tr\u1ea3i qua l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, kh\u00f3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng mang theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee7 quan, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e9m m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 xu\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean ng\u00e0n c\u01a1n s\u00f3ng, \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00f4n (trong ngh\u1ec1) c\u00f9ng nhau th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng u\u1ed5ng ph\u00ed t\u00e2m huy\u1ebft s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u00e0nh ba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n: S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh; s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a quan ni\u1ec7m; v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u00fd ni\u1ec7m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

Sau \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i xin gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh.<\/p>\n

1. M\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u1ed9i <\/strong>h\u1ecda<\/strong> c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1839, Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m M\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt thu\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng nhau c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh t\u1ea5m b\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecda s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p Louis Daguerre v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ra \u0111\u1eddi, t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f4m nay l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 170 n\u0103m.<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, n\u00f3 thu\u1eadn theo c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Ng\u00e0y nay k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ee5p h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh th\u1ee5c, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c m\u00e1y m\u00f3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ra c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed n\u0103ng (c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi) bao g\u1ed3m r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt chi\u1ec3u theo s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo.<\/p>\n

Tuy r\u1eb1ng l\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea7u Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m M\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, v\u1edbi m\u00e0u s\u1eafc nh\u00e2n v\u0103n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd; \u1edf m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, b\u1edfi v\u00ec sau khi nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh ra \u0111\u1eddi, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n sang nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh v\u00ec ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 thay th\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u1ebd tranh. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 Th\u1ea7n. T\u1eeb quan ni\u1ec7m s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebfn khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 t\u00ednh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c r\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh, c\u00f3 quy ph\u1ea1m nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i \u201cnhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh t\u1ea3 \u00fd\u201d[1]<\/sup><\/a> c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng, nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i, nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh t\u0129nh v\u1eadt. Nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh gia n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh ch\u00e2n dung v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c tranh. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a tranh v\u1ebd ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 phim. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt r\u1ea5t tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh \u201cNgh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt cao\u201d.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecda s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n Oscar Gustav Rejlander (1813\u20131875) \u2014\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 \u201cCha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt\u201d\u2014 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3. Quan ni\u1ec7m s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0: \u201cChe \u0111\u1eady nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 x\u1ea5u x\u00ed\u201d, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00edch c\u1ef1c. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n quan ni\u1ec7m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 th\u01a1 ca, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n trong Kinh Th\u00e1nh, nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 phi th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ean cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh \u201cHai l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng\u201d (The two ways of life)[2]<\/sup><\/a> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb 32 t\u1ea5m phim \u00e2m b\u1ea3n, m\u01b0\u1ee3n phong c\u00e1ch h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n Rafael, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc trong l\u1edbp nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

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\"\u1ea2nh:<\/a><\/p>\n

T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u201cHai l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng\u201d (The two ways of life) c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh gia O.G. Rejlander (Ngu\u1ed3n: Wikipedia)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\u201cNhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh t\u1ea3 \u00fd\u201d th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (pictorial photography) hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c pha tr\u1ed9n v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i \u1ea4n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n sau \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ee5p h\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh gia v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi b\u1ecf \u201cnhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh t\u1ea3 \u00fd\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng phong c\u00e1ch m\u1edbi nh\u01b0: ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh ch\u00e2n dung, ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh phong c\u1ea3nh. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 phong c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh m\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0n d\u1ef1ng, h\u1ecd v\u1eabn tu\u00e2n theo h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t v\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. Tuy nhi\u00ean, so v\u1edbi nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh t\u1ea3 \u00fd, \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt t\u00e0i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee5p, ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1eadp khu\u00f4n, nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 sao n\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng t\u00ednh th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 cao b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u00f4ng m\u00e0u, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng, m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng, v.v. ngay c\u1ea3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p, tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 th\u00f4 t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 x\u1ea5u x\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i \u201cnhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1899 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y s\u1ed1c cho l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda ban \u0111\u1ea7u. Nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o t\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u201cL\u00fd thuy\u1ebft nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh l\u1ea5y n\u00e9t\u201d c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh gia Peter Henry Emerson (1856\u20131936), v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1ea5t n\u00e9t v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i \u1ea4n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Nh\u01b0ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau \u0111\u00f3, Emerson \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch S\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t vong c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/em> (The Death of Naturalistic Photography<\/em>), ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn m\u1ecdi lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean do \u00f4ng s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp, v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc, thi\u1ebfu suy x\u00e9t, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5n v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1 t\u00ednh. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f4i khi n\u00f3 mang l\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt b\u1edfi v\u00ec nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ch\u1ec9 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c ghi nh\u1eadn l\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c ch\u1ee5p t\u1ed1t, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh gia, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c theo tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh. So v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh t\u1ea3 \u00fd, nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 ch\u1ee5p l\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng kh\u1eafc ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

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\"T\u00e1c<\/a><\/p>\n

T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m “B\u1ebfn ph\u00e0 \u1edf Tottenham” (The Ferry Boat Inn, Tottenham) c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh gia Emerson. (Ngu\u1ed3n: britannica.com)
\n<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

C\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh gia r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u ri\u00eang trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh ch\u00e2n dung. N\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh gia n\u1eef Julia Margaret Cameron (1815\u20131879). Khi ch\u1ee5p ch\u00e2n dung, b\u00e0 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh gia Nadar (1820\u20131910) ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh, \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a h\u1eadu c\u1ea3nh, ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c ch\u00e2n dung \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 quen b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh b\u00e1n th\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c c\u1eadn c\u1ea3nh, \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1ng h\u1eadu c\u1ea3nh khi ch\u1ee5p h\u00ecnh sau n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh gia \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 phong c\u00e1ch h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda ban \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

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\"C\u00e1c<\/a><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh gia n\u1eef Cameron (t\u1eeb tr\u00e1i qua): Ellen Terry, Angel of the Nativity, v\u00e0 King Arthur. (Ngu\u1ed3n: Wikipedia)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh, nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh t\u1ea3 \u00fd c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ck\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n\u201d. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 cao cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng l\u00ean, cho n\u00ean n\u00f3 c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd.<\/p>\n

B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfp theo s\u1ebd th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1:<\/p>\n

2. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i \u1ea4n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 ranh gi\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a quan ni\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fa th\u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch:<\/em><\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u201cho\u00e0n to\u00e0n h\u1ecda \u00fd nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh\u201d, trong b\u00e0i t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201cnhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh t\u1ea3 \u00fd\u201d.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> B\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh \u201cHai l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng\u201d mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb ti\u1ec1n b\u1ed1i \u0111ang d\u1eabn d\u1eaft hai ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng qu\u00ea b\u01b0\u1edbc ra s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi. C\u1eadu thanh ni\u00ean b\u00ean tr\u00e1i h\u00e1o h\u1ee9c h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 kho\u00e1i c\u1ea3m tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c nh\u01b0: d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng, c\u1edd b\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 an d\u1eadt. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t tr\u1ea7m t\u0129nh v\u00e0 \u0111ang h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0: t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

(C\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp)<\/em><\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch t\u1eeb: http:\/\/www.zhengjian.org\/node\/53115<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[ChanhKien.org] L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh (ch\u1ee5p h\u00ecnh) xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng x\u1ea3y ra xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa quan ni\u1ec7m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":45575,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[550],"tags":[587],"class_list":["post-26318","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nhiep-anh","tag-tong-quan-ve-lich-su-nhiep-anh"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nT\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh (1) - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2020\/05\/tong-quan-ve-lich-su-nhiep-anh-va-su-chuyen-doi-cua-cac-khai-niem-nghe-thuat-nhiep-anh-1.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"T\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh (1) - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[ChanhKien.org] L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh (ch\u1ee5p h\u00ecnh) xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng x\u1ea3y ra xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa quan ni\u1ec7m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. 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