{"id":23853,"date":"2015-01-09T06:32:02","date_gmt":"2015-01-09T06:32:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?p=23853"},"modified":"2025-05-12T10:22:36","modified_gmt":"2025-05-12T03:22:36","slug":"tu-trung-dung-nhin-lai-su-bien-di-cua-van-hoa-nho-gia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2015\/01\/tu-trung-dung-nhin-lai-su-bien-di-cua-van-hoa-nho-gia.html","title":{"rendered":"T\u1eeb \u201cTrung Dung\u201d nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a Nho gia"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>[Chanh<\/b><b>K<\/b><b>ien.org]<\/b><b> <\/b>&#272;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c c&#7911;a x&atilde; h&#7897;i hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i &#273;ang xu&#7889;ng d&#7889;c, r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i mu&#7889;n t&igrave;m l&#7889;i tho&aacute;t t&#7915; v&#259;n h&oacute;a truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng. Nh&#432;ng v&#259;n h&oacute;a truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng trong qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh truy&#7873;n th&#7915;a c&#361;ng kh&ocirc;ng ng&#7915;ng bi&#7871;n d&#7883;, c&#7897;ng th&ecirc;m s&#7921; c&#7889; &yacute; ph&aacute; ho&#7841;i c&#7911;a &#272;&#7843;ng C&#7897;ng s&#7843;n Trung Qu&#7889;c (&#272;CSTQ), con ng&#432;&#7901;i hi&#7879;n nay r&#7845;t kh&oacute; nh&#7853;n th&#7913;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c di&#7879;n m&#7909;c th&#7853;t s&#7921; c&#7911;a v&#259;n h&oacute;a truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng. V&iacute; d&#7909; t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng trung dung trong v&#259;n h&oacute;a c&#7911;a Nho gia, ng&#432;&#7901;i hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i g&#7885;i l&agrave; &#272;&#7841;o Trung Dung. &#272;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y l&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&uacute;ng. T&ocirc;i c&#361;ng &#273;&atilde; th&#7845;y cu&#7889;n s&aacute;ch n&agrave;y, tr&ecirc;n m&#7841;ng c&#361;ng g&#7885;i l&agrave; &ldquo;<i>&#272;&#7841;o c&#7911;a Trung Dung<\/i>&rdquo;, &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; d&#7851;n d&#7855;t sai ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c. V&#7853;y th&igrave; l&yacute; gi&#7843;i trung dung nh&#432; th&#7871; n&agrave;o &#273;&acirc;y? B&agrave;i vi&#7871;t n&agrave;y hy v&#7885;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; gi&#7843;i khai ch&#7895; m&ecirc; thi&ecirc;n c&#7893; n&agrave;y, tr&#7843; l&#7841;i di&#7879;n m&#7909;c th&#7853;t s&#7921; cho v&#259;n h&oacute;a Nho gia.<\/p>\n<p>&ldquo;Trung dung&rdquo; l&agrave; m&#7897;t t&#7915; gh&eacute;p &#273;&#7859;ng l&#7853;p, cho n&ecirc;n <i>trung<\/i> v&agrave; <i>dung<\/i> c&#7847;n t&aacute;ch ra &#273;&#7875; hi&#7875;u. Th&#7871; n&agrave;o l&agrave; <i>trung<\/i> trong &ldquo;trung dung&rdquo;? T&#7917; T&#432; &#273;&atilde; n&oacute;i r&#7845;t r&otilde; r&agrave;ng: &ldquo;<i>M&#7915;ng, gi&#7853;n, bu&#7891;n, vui khi ch&#432;a bi&#7875;u hi&#7879;n ra, g&#7885;i l&agrave; &ldquo;trung&rdquo;, bi&#7875;u hi&#7879;n ra m&agrave; ph&ugrave; h&#7907;p v&#7899;i quy c&#7911; m&#7913;c &#273;&#7897;, th&igrave; g&#7885;i l&agrave; &ldquo;ho&agrave;&rdquo;&rdquo;. <\/i>Ngh&#297;a l&agrave;, khi kh&ocirc;ng mang theo t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng t&igrave;nh c&#7843;m c&#7911;a c&aacute; nh&acirc;n m&agrave; nh&igrave;n nh&#7853;n v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; v&agrave; l&agrave;m vi&#7879;c th&igrave; &#273;&#7873;u l&agrave; <i>trung<\/i>. Khi mang theo t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng t&igrave;nh c&#7843;m c&aacute; nh&acirc;n &#273;&#7875; nh&igrave;n nh&#7853;n v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; v&agrave; l&agrave;m vi&#7879;c nh&#432;ng &#7903; m&#7913;c &#273;&#7897; ph&ugrave; h&#7907;p th&igrave; ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; <i>h&ograve;a<\/i>. V&#7853;y th&igrave; khi kh&ocirc;ng mang theo t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng t&igrave;nh c&#7843;m c&aacute; nh&acirc;n th&igrave; l&agrave; tr&#7841;ng th&aacute;i th&#7871; n&agrave;o? L&#7845;y c&aacute;i g&igrave; l&agrave;m ti&ecirc;u chu&#7849;n &#273;o l&#432;&#7901;ng? &#272;&#432;&#417;ng nhi&ecirc;n l&agrave; l&#7845;y Thi&ecirc;n &#273;&#7841;o l&agrave;m ti&ecirc;u chu&#7849;n, l&#7845;y gi&aacute;o h&oacute;a c&#7911;a Th&#7847;n l&agrave;m ti&ecirc;u chu&#7849;n. &#272;i&#7875;m n&agrave;y ngay trong ph&#7847;n m&#7903; &#273;&#7847;u c&#7911;a s&aacute;ch &ldquo;Trung Dung&rdquo; &#273;&atilde; ch&#7881; ra r&#7845;t r&otilde; r&#7891;i: <i>&ldquo;M&#7879;nh tr&#7901;i g&#7885;i l&agrave; t&iacute;nh, ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n thu&#7853;n theo t&iacute;nh g&#7885;i l&agrave; &#273;&#7841;o, tu d&#432;&#7905;ng theo &#273;&#7841;o g&#7885;i l&agrave; gi&aacute;o. &#272;&#7841;o l&agrave; c&aacute;i kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; r&#7901;i xa d&ugrave; ch&#7881; trong ch&#7889;c l&aacute;t, n&#7871;u c&oacute; th&#7875; r&#7901;i xa &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&igrave; c&#361;ng kh&ocirc;ng c&ograve;n l&agrave; &#273;&#7841;o. B&#7903;i th&#7871; qu&acirc;n t&#7917; &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t c&#7843;nh gi&aacute;c th&#7853;n tr&#7885;ng &#7903; ch&#7895; ng&#432;&#7901;i ta kh&ocirc;ng nh&igrave;n th&#7845;y, lo l&#7855;ng s&#7907; h&atilde;i &#7903; ch&#7895; ng&#432;&#7901;i ta kh&ocirc;ng nghe th&#7845;y. Ch&#7859;ng c&oacute; g&igrave; r&otilde; h&#417;n v&#7853;t che gi&#7845;u, ch&#7859;ng c&oacute; g&igrave; l&agrave;m hi&#7875;n l&#7897; ch&acirc;n t&#432;&#7899;ng h&#417;n nh&#7919;ng vi&#7879;c nh&#7887; b&eacute;. Cho n&ecirc;n ng&#432;&#7901;i qu&acirc;n t&#7917; &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t th&#7853;n tr&#7885;ng khi ch&#7881; c&oacute; m&#7897;t m&igrave;nh m&igrave;nh v&#7853;y.&rdquo;<\/i><\/p>\n<p>&#272;&#7841;o gia cho r&#7857;ng con ng&#432;&#7901;i l&agrave; do Th&#7847;n t&#7841;o ra. B&#7843;n t&iacute;nh nguy&ecirc;n th&#7911;y c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i v&agrave; Thi&ecirc;n &#273;&#7841;o c&ugrave;ng h&#7907;p nh&#7845;t. Tu&acirc;n theo b&#7843;n t&iacute;nh nguy&ecirc;n th&#7911;y l&agrave;m vi&#7879;c ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; <i>&#273;&#7841;o<\/i>. B&#7903;i v&igrave; con ng&#432;&#7901;i &#7903; trong m&ecirc;, b&#7843;n t&iacute;nh b&#7883; che m&#7845;t, cho n&ecirc;n c&#7847;n ph&#7843;i tu &#273;&#7841;o. Ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p tu &#273;&#7841;o ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; <i>gi&aacute;o<\/i> (d&#7841;y d&#7895;, ch&#7881; b&#7843;o). &#7902; &#273;&acirc;y &aacute;m ch&#7881; v&#259;n h&oacute;a Nho gia. T&#259;ng T&#7917; trong cu&#7889;n &ldquo;&#272;&#7841;i H&#7885;c&rdquo; &#273;&atilde; n&oacute;i r&#7845;t r&otilde; t&ocirc;n ch&#7881; c&#7911;a v&#259;n h&oacute;a Nho gia l&agrave; truy&#7873;n th&#7915;a s&#7921; gi&aacute;o h&oacute;a d&#7841;y b&#7843;o c&#7911;a Th&#7847;n. Cho n&ecirc;n &#272;&#7841;o m&agrave; s&aacute;ch &ldquo;Trung Dung&rdquo; gi&#7843;ng l&agrave; ch&#7881; s&#7921; gi&aacute;o h&oacute;a c&#7911;a Th&#7847;n ho&#7863;c l&agrave; ch&#7881; Thi&ecirc;n &#273;&#7841;o, ch&#7913; kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; ch&#7881; b&#7843;n th&acirc;n <i>trung dung<\/i>. B&#7903;i v&igrave; Thi&ecirc;n &#272;&#7841;o &ldquo;<i>ch&#7889;c l&aacute;t c&#361;ng kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; r&#7901;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c<\/i>&rdquo;, l&#7841;i nh&igrave;n kh&ocirc;ng th&#7845;y nghe kh&ocirc;ng th&#7845;y, cho n&ecirc;n kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; mang theo t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng t&igrave;nh c&#7843;m c&aacute; nh&acirc;n &#273;&#7875; nh&igrave;n nh&#7853;n, suy x&eacute;t v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; v&agrave; h&agrave;nh &#273;&#7897;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c, m&agrave; khi h&agrave;nh s&#7921; c&#7847;n chi&#7875;u theo d&#7841;y b&#7843;o c&#7911;a Th&#7847;n. &#272;&#7889;i v&#7899;i gi&aacute;o h&oacute;a c&#7911;a Th&#7847;n, kh&ocirc;ng l&agrave;m qu&aacute; h&#417;n ho&#7863;c qu&aacute; k&eacute;m ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; <i>trung<\/i>. Th&#7921;c ra &#273;&acirc;y l&agrave; v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; c&#417; b&#7843;n. Ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; d&ugrave;ng gi&aacute;o h&oacute;a c&#7911;a Th&#7847;n l&agrave;m &#273;i&#7873;u ch&iacute;nh y&#7871;u, kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; l&#7845;y t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng t&igrave;nh c&#7843;m c&aacute; nh&acirc;n &#273;&#7875; l&agrave;m &#273;i&#7873;u ch&iacute;nh y&#7871;u.<\/p>\n<p>Trong &ldquo;L&#7877; K&yacute;&rdquo; c&oacute; v&iacute; d&#7909; v&#7873; t&#7889;t qu&aacute; h&oacute;a d&#7903; c&#7911;a T&#259;ng T&#7917;. T&#259;ng T&#7917; l&agrave; m&ocirc;n sinh &#273;&#7855;c &#273;&#7841;o c&#7911;a Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917;, l&#7841;i l&agrave; th&#7847;y c&#7911;a T&#7917; T&#432;, c&ograve;n kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n chi&#7875;u theo gi&aacute;o hu&#7845;n c&#7911;a ti&ecirc;n v&#432;&#417;ng m&agrave; h&agrave;nh x&#7917;, v&#7853;y th&igrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&aacute;c l&#7841;i c&agrave;ng kh&oacute; l&agrave;m. Cho n&ecirc;n trong &ldquo;Trung Dung&rdquo; c&oacute; gi&#7843;ng: &ldquo;<i>bi&#7875;u hi&#7879;n ra m&agrave; ph&ugrave; h&#7907;p v&#7899;i quy c&#7911; m&#7913;c &#273;&#7897;, th&igrave; g&#7885;i l&agrave; &ldquo;ho&agrave;&rdquo;<\/i>&rdquo;. Ch&#7919; <i>h&ograve;a<\/i> &#7903; &#273;&acirc;y c&oacute; &yacute; ngh&#297;a l&agrave; h&agrave;i h&ograve;a c&acirc;n &#273;&#7889;i. Ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; n&oacute;i mang theo t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng t&igrave;nh c&#7843;m c&aacute; nh&acirc;n l&agrave;m vi&#7879;c c&#7847;n c&oacute; s&#7921; ti&#7871;t ch&#7871;, kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; qu&aacute; r&#7901;i xa &#272;&#7841;o, c&#7847;n thu&#7853;n theo Thi&ecirc;n &#272;&#7841;o m&agrave; l&agrave;m.<\/p>\n<p>S&aacute;ch &ldquo;&#272;&#7841;i H&#7885;c&rdquo; gi&#7843;ng tu th&acirc;n, t&#7873; gia, tr&#7883; qu&#7889;c, b&igrave;nh thi&ecirc;n h&#7841;, v&#7853;y d&ugrave;ng g&igrave; &#273;&#7875; b&igrave;nh thi&ecirc;n h&#7841;? N&#7871;u nh&#432; m&#7895;i ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7873;u l&#7845;y b&#7843;n th&acirc;n m&igrave;nh l&agrave;m trung t&acirc;m, thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; c&oacute; th&#7875; b&igrave;nh th&#7871; n&agrave;o &#273;&acirc;y? &#272;&#432;&#417;ng nhi&ecirc;n ph&#7843;i l&#7845;y gi&aacute;o h&oacute;a c&#7911;a Th&#7847;n l&agrave;m trung t&acirc;m, th&igrave; thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; m&#7899;i th&aacute;i b&igrave;nh &#273;&#432;&#7907;c. Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; &#273;&#7873; xu&#7845;t t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng trung dung ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; mu&#7889;n h&#7853;u nh&acirc;n x&aacute;c l&#7853;p m&#7897;t ti&ecirc;u chu&#7849;n h&agrave;nh vi, l&#7845;y gi&aacute;o h&oacute;a c&#7911;a Th&#7847;n l&agrave;m ti&ecirc;u chu&#7849;n, l&#7845;y Thi&ecirc;n &#273;&#7841;o l&agrave;m ti&ecirc;u chu&#7849;n. T&#7915; g&oacute;c &#273;&#7897; ng&#432;&#7901;i tu luy&#7879;n m&agrave; x&eacute;t, trong c&aacute;c t&#7847;ng th&#7913; kh&aacute;c nhau c&#7911;a v&#361; tr&#7909; c&oacute; Ph&aacute;p c&#7911;a c&aacute;c t&#7847;ng th&#7913; kh&aacute;c nhau. B&#7843;n th&acirc;n v&#259;n h&oacute;a c&#7911;a Nho gia ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; th&#7875; hi&#7879;n c&#7911;a m&#7897;t t&#7847;ng Ph&aacute;p l&yacute; t&#7841;i x&atilde; h&#7897;i nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i n&agrave;y. Cho n&ecirc;n t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng trung dung ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; d&#7841;y ng&#432;&#7901;i ta c&#7847;n ph&#7843;i chi&#7875;u theo Ph&aacute;p l&yacute; t&#7841;i t&#7847;ng n&agrave;y m&agrave; h&agrave;nh x&#7917;, ch&#7913; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; chi&#7875;u theo t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng t&igrave;nh c&#7843;m c&aacute; nh&acirc;n.<\/p>\n<p>V&#259;n h&oacute;a c&#7911;a Nho gia b&aacute;c &#273;&#7841;i tinh th&acirc;m, bao g&#7891;m n&#7897;i dung c&aacute;c ph&#432;&#417;ng di&#7879;n nh&#432; tu th&acirc;n, t&#7873; gia, tr&#7883; qu&#7889;c v.v., tuy&#7879;t &#273;&#7889;i kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; &#273;i&#7873;u m&agrave; tr&iacute; hu&#7879; c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#7841;t t&#7899;i. L&agrave; v&#259;n h&oacute;a m&agrave; Th&#7847;n th&ocirc;ng qua ng&#432;&#7901;i tu &#272;&#7841;o cho &#273;&#7871;n c&aacute;c th&aacute;nh nh&acirc;n qua c&aacute;c th&#7901;i &#273;&#7841;i truy&#7873;n c&#7845;p cho con ng&#432;&#7901;i. Cho n&ecirc;n &#273;o&#7841;n cu&#7889;i c&#7911;a &ldquo;Trung Dung&rdquo; c&oacute; gi&#7843;ng: &ldquo;<i>Tr&#7885;ng Ni k&#7871; th&#7915;a truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng c&#7911;a Nghi&ecirc;u Thu&#7845;n t&#7915; xa x&#432;a, noi theo v&agrave; l&agrave;m s&aacute;ng t&#7887; ph&eacute;p t&#7855;c c&#7911;a V&#259;n V&#432;&#417;ng v&agrave; V&otilde; V&#432;&#417;ng, t&#7913;c l&agrave; tr&ecirc;n th&igrave; tu&acirc;n theo thi&ecirc;n th&#7901;i, d&#432;&#7899;i th&igrave; d&#7921;a v&agrave;o th&#7911;y th&#7893;. C&#361;ng gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; tr&#7901;i &#273;&#7845;t kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; g&igrave; l&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng bao ch&#7913;a, kh&ocirc;ng c&aacute;i g&igrave; l&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng che ch&#7903;. L&#7841;i v&iacute; nh&#432; b&#7889;n m&ugrave;a &#273;&#7855;p &#273;&#7893;i tu&#7847;n ho&agrave;n, gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; m&#7863;t tr&#7901;i m&#7863;t tr&#259;ng thay nhau t&#7887;a s&aacute;ng. V&#7841;n v&#7853;t c&ugrave;ng sinh tr&#432;&#7903;ng m&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng l&agrave;m h&#7841;i l&#7851;n nhau, c&aacute;c quy lu&#7853;t c&ugrave;ng nhau v&#7853;n h&agrave;nh m&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng tr&aacute;i ng&#432;&#7907;c. &#272;&#7913;c nh&#7887; th&igrave; nh&#432; s&ocirc;ng su&#7889;i ch&#7843;y tu&ocirc;n, &#273;&#7913;c l&#7899;n th&igrave; th&igrave; &#273;&ocirc;n h&#7853;u h&oacute;a d&#7909;c mu&ocirc;n v&#7853;t. &#272;&oacute; l&agrave; duy&ecirc;n c&#7899; khi&#7871;n tr&#7901;i &#273;&#7845;t l&#7899;n nh&#432; v&#7853;y.&rdquo;<\/i><\/p>\n<p>&#7902; &#273;&acirc;y n&oacute;i r&otilde; ngu&#7891;n g&#7889;c c&#7911;a v&#259;n h&oacute;a Nho gia c&ugrave;ng s&#7921; gi&aacute;o h&oacute;a c&#7911;a ti&ecirc;n v&#432;&#417;ng, b&aacute;c &#273;&#7841;i tinh th&acirc;m, ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7885;c s&aacute;ch n&ecirc;n chi&#7875;u theo ph&aacute;p l&yacute; m&agrave; Nho gia gi&#7843;ng &#273;&#7875; l&agrave;m m&#7885;i vi&#7879;c, kh&ocirc;ng n&ecirc;n c&oacute; nghi ng&#7901;.<\/p>\n<p><i>&ldquo;Cho n&ecirc;n c&aacute;i &#273;&#7841;o c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i qu&acirc;n t&#7917;, l&#7845;y &#273;&#7913;c t&iacute;nh c&#7911;a b&#7843;n th&acirc;n m&igrave;nh l&agrave;m g&#7889;c, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nghi&#7879;m ch&#7913;ng &#7903; th&#7913; d&acirc;n, &#273;em &#273;&#7889;i chi&#7871;u v&#7899;i l&#7877; ph&aacute;p c&#7911;a tam v&#432;&#417;ng, kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; sai l&#7847;m, d&#7921;ng l&ecirc;n trong tr&#7901;i &#273;&#7845;t kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; &#273;i&#7873;u tr&aacute;i ng&#432;&#7907;c, &#273;em &#273;&#7889;i x&eacute;t v&#7899;i qu&#7927; th&#7847;n th&igrave; kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; &#273;i&#7873;u nghi ng&#7901;, &#273;&#7907;i &#273;&#7871;n b&#7853;c th&aacute;nh nh&acirc;n tr&#259;m &#273;&#7901;i sau xem x&eacute;t l&#7841;i th&igrave; c&#361;ng kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; g&igrave; nh&#7847;m l&#7851;n. &#272;em &#273;&#7889;i x&eacute;t v&#7899;i qu&#7927; th&#7847;n kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; g&igrave; nghi ng&#7901;, &#7845;y l&agrave; bi&#7871;t &#273;&#7841;o tr&#7901;i; &#273;&#7907;i &#273;&#7871;n b&#7853;c th&aacute;nh nh&acirc;n tr&#259;m &#273;&#7901;i sau x&eacute;t l&#7841;i c&#361;ng kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; g&igrave; nh&#7847;m l&#7851;n, &#7845;y l&agrave; bi&#7871;t &#273;&#7841;o ng&#432;&#7901;i. Cho n&ecirc;n nh&#7845;t c&#7917; nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i qu&acirc;n t&#7917; &#273;&#7873;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; &#273;&#7901;i &#273;&#7901;i ca ng&#7907;i, m&#7885;i h&agrave;nh vi &#273;&#7873;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; &#273;&#7901;i &#273;&#7901;i noi theo, m&#7885;i l&#7901;i n&oacute;i &#273;&#7873;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c thi&ecirc;n h&#7841; &#273;&#7901;i &#273;&#7901;i b&#7855;t ch&#432;&#7899;c. K&#7867; &#7903; xa th&igrave; &#273;em l&ograve;ng t&#432;&#7903;ng v&#7885;ng, ng&#432;&#7901;i &#7903; g&#7847;n th&igrave; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7845;y ch&aacute;n.&rdquo;<\/i><\/p>\n<p>&#7902; &#273;&acirc;y thuy&#7871;t minh v&#259;n h&oacute;a Nho gia tr&#7843;i qua nghi&#7879;m ch&#7913;ng v&#7873; c&aacute;c ph&#432;&#417;ng di&#7879;n, l&agrave; ph&eacute;p t&#7855;c c&#7911;a thi&ecirc;n h&#7841;. &#272;&#7879; t&#7917; Nho gia chi&#7875;u theo ti&ecirc;u chu&#7849;n v&#259;n h&oacute;a Nho gia &#273;&#7875; tu d&#432;&#7905;ng b&#7843;n th&acirc;n, c&oacute; th&#7875; tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh t&#7845;m g&#432;&#417;ng cho ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7901;i. Ch&uacute;ng ta x&eacute;t t&#7915; l&#7883;ch s&#7917;, v&#259;n h&oacute;a Nho gia &#273;&atilde; truy&#7873;n th&#7915;a s&#7921; gi&aacute;o h&oacute;a c&#7911;a Th&#7847;n, kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; x&oacute;a b&#7887; c&ocirc;ng lao &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i vi&#7879;c duy h&#7897; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c c&#7911;a x&atilde; h&#7897;i nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i. T&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng trung dung &ldquo;<i>l&#7845;y Thi&ecirc;n &#272;&#7841;o l&agrave;m trung<\/i>&rdquo; gi&uacute;p cho d&acirc;n t&#7897;c Trung Hoa c&oacute; th&#7875; dung n&#7841;p nh&#7919;ng th&#7913; &#432;u t&uacute; c&#7911;a v&#259;n h&oacute;a ngo&#7841;i lai (v&iacute; d&#7909; nh&#432; Ph&#7853;t gi&aacute;o, &hellip;) v&agrave; th&agrave;nh t&#7921;u s&#7921; r&#7897;ng l&#7899;n c&#7911;a b&#7843;n th&acirc;n Nho gia. Do &#273;&oacute; l&agrave;m cho Trung Nguy&ecirc;n tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh trung t&acirc;m v&#259;n h&oacute;a c&#7911;a th&#7871; gi&#7899;i, khai s&aacute;ng ra th&#7901;i th&#7883;nh th&#7871; c&#7911;a tri&#7873;u H&aacute;n &#272;&#432;&#7901;ng. &#272;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t l&agrave; th&#7883;nh th&#7871; c&#7911;a &#272;&#7841;i &#272;&#432;&#7901;ng, nhi&#7873;u qu&#7889;c gia kh&aacute;c c&#361;ng ph&#7843;i &#273;&#7871;n b&aacute;i ki&#7871;n. Ng&#432;&#7901;i n&#432;&#7899;c ngo&agrave;i l&#7847;n l&#432;&#7907;t ph&aacute;i ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7871;n h&#7885;c h&#7887;i v&#259;n h&oacute;a Trung Nguy&ecirc;n, g&#7885;i &#272;&#7841;i &#272;&#432;&#7901;ng l&agrave; Thi&ecirc;n Tri&#7873;u th&#432;&#7907;ng qu&#7889;c.<\/p>\n<p>Nh&#432;ng t&#7915; khi Chu Hy so&#7841;n ra cu&#7889;n &ldquo;Trung Dung v&#259;n c&uacute;&rdquo;, &#273;&atilde; l&agrave;m v&#259;n h&oacute;a Nho gia bi&#7871;n d&#7883;; h&#417;n n&#7919;a trong &ldquo;Trung Dung v&#259;n c&uacute;&rdquo; c&ograve;n ph&#7911; &#273;&#7883;nh Ph&#7853;t gia v&agrave; h&#7885;c thuy&#7871;t &#272;&#7841;o gia c&#7911;a L&atilde;o T&#7917;, c&#7855;t &#273;&#7913;t m&#7889;i li&ecirc;n h&#7879; gi&#7919;a v&#259;n h&oacute;a Nho gia v&agrave; &#272;&#7841;o gia, tr&ecirc;n th&#7921;c t&#7871; l&agrave; c&#7855;t &#273;&#7913;t m&#7889;i li&ecirc;n h&#7879; gi&#7919;a v&#259;n h&oacute;a Nho gia v&agrave; Th&#7847;n, &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i c&#7855;t &#273;&#7913;t m&#7889;i li&ecirc;n h&#7879; gi&#7919;a v&#259;n h&oacute;a Nho gia v&agrave; ph&eacute;p t&#7855;c c&#7911;a v&#361; tr&#7909;. L&agrave;m cho v&#259;n h&oacute;a Nho gia d&#7847;n d&#7847;n m&#7845;t &#273;i ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng gi&aacute;o h&oacute;a v&#7889;n c&oacute; c&#7911;a n&oacute;, l&agrave;m cho m&#7913;c &#273;&#7897; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c c&#7911;a d&acirc;n t&#7897;c Trung Hoa kh&ocirc;ng ng&#7915;ng tr&#432;&#7907;t d&#7889;c, qu&#7889;c th&#7871; suy y&#7871;u.<\/p>\n<p>Chu Hy c&#259;n c&#7913; v&agrave;o l&#7901;i gi&aacute;o hu&#7845;n &ldquo;<i>Do&atilde;n ch&#7845;p quy&#7871;t trung<\/i>&rdquo; (c&ocirc;ng t&#432; ph&acirc;n minh) c&#7911;a vua Nghi&ecirc;u truy&#7873;n &#273;&#7871;n vua Thu&#7845;n, cho &#273;&#7871;n &#273;&#7901;i vua Thu&#7845;n truy&#7873;n xu&#7889;ng vua V&#361; &ldquo;<i>Nh&acirc;n t&acirc;m duy nguy, &#273;&#7841;o t&acirc;m duy vi, duy tinh duy nh&#7845;t, do&atilde;n ch&#7845;p quy&#7871;t trung<\/i>&rdquo; (d&#7909;c v&#7885;ng c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i v&ocirc; c&ugrave;ng nguy hi&#7875;m, t&acirc;m c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i tu &#273;&#7841;o v&ocirc; c&ugrave;ng s&acirc;u xa, t&#7853;p trung tinh th&#7847;n, c&ocirc;ng t&#432; ph&acirc;n minh). &#272;&acirc;y v&#7889;n l&agrave; c&acirc;u n&oacute;i c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i tu &#272;&#7841;o, kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; &#273;i&#7873;u Chu Hy c&oacute; th&#7875; l&yacute; gi&#7843;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c. &#272;&#7841;o gia cho r&#7857;ng b&#7843;n t&iacute;nh nguy&ecirc;n th&#7911;y c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i l&agrave; h&#7907;p nh&#7845;t v&#7899;i Thi&ecirc;n &#273;&#7841;o, con ng&#432;&#7901;i trong m&ecirc; kh&ocirc;ng bi&#7871;t b&#7843;n t&iacute;nh, cho n&ecirc;n c&oacute; s&#7921; kh&aacute;c bi&#7879;t c&#7911;a nh&acirc;n t&acirc;m v&agrave; &#273;&#7841;o t&acirc;m. &#272;&#7841;o gia tu &#272;&#7841;o gi&#7843;ng ph&#7843;n b&#7893;n quy ch&acirc;n, ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; tu b&#7887; nh&acirc;n t&acirc;m c&#7911;ng c&#7889; &#273;&#7841;o t&acirc;m, cu&#7889;i c&ugrave;ng tr&#7903; v&#7873; v&#7899;i b&#7843;n t&iacute;nh nguy&ecirc;n th&#7911;y c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i, &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#7871;n h&#7907;p nh&#7845;t v&#7899;i Thi&ecirc;n &#273;&#7841;o. N&#7873;n t&#7843;ng &#273;&#7875; tu &#272;&#7841;o &#273;&#432;&#417;ng nhi&ecirc;n l&agrave; l&#7845;y &#273;i&#7873;u Th&#7847;n gi&aacute;o h&oacute;a l&agrave;m ti&ecirc;u chu&#7849;n. S&aacute;ch c&#7893; c&oacute; ghi ch&eacute;p vua Thu&#7845;n v&agrave; vua V&#361; l&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i tu &#272;&#7841;o. S&#432; ph&#7909; V&#7909; Th&agrave;nh T&#7917; c&#7911;a vua Nghi&ecirc;u v&#7889;n l&agrave; c&ugrave;ng m&#7897;t gia v&#7899;i L&atilde;o T&#7917;. Ai ph&#7911; &#273;&#7883;nh L&atilde;o T&#7917; th&igrave; k&#7867; &#273;&oacute; kh&ocirc;ng bi&#7871;t g&#7889;c r&#7877; l&agrave; g&igrave;. Ch&uacute;ng ta l&#7841;i ph&acirc;n t&iacute;ch t&#7915; l&#7883;ch s&#7917;. Con ng&#432;&#7901;i l&agrave; do Th&#7847;n t&#7841;o ra, nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i th&#7901;i k&#7923; &#273;&#7847;u l&agrave; do s&#7921; ph&ugrave; tr&#7907; c&#7911;a Th&#7847;n m&agrave; ti&#7871;p t&#7909;c t&#7891;n t&#7841;i. L&#7883;ch s&#7917; c&oacute; gi&#7843;ng Tam Ho&agrave;ng Ng&#361; &#272;&#7871; l&agrave; th&aacute;nh v&#432;&#417;ng c&acirc;u th&ocirc;ng v&#7899;i Thi&ecirc;n &#272;&#7883;a Nh&acirc;n, g&aacute;nh v&aacute;c tr&ecirc;n vai s&#7913; m&#7879;nh khai s&aacute;ng v&#259;n minh nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i. Khi Ho&agrave;ng &#272;&#7871; t&#7841;i v&#7883;, v&#7851;n l&agrave; x&atilde; h&#7897;i ng&#432;&#7901;i v&agrave; Th&#7847;n &#273;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i c&ugrave;ng t&#7891;n t&#7841;i. Sau khi Ho&agrave;ng &#272;&#7871; &#273;&#7855;c &#272;&#7841;o c&#432;&#7905;i r&#7891;ng bay l&ecirc;n tr&#7901;i, Chuy&ecirc;n H&uacute;c &#273;&#7841;i &#273;&#7871; cu&#7889;i c&ugrave;ng c&#361;ng l&ecirc;n tr&#7901;i, c&aacute;ch tuy&#7879;t li&ecirc;n h&#7879; gi&#7919;a ng&#432;&#7901;i v&agrave; Th&#7847;n. Khi &#273;&oacute; ng&#432;&#7901;i d&acirc;n tin v&agrave;o Th&#7847;n l&agrave; &#273;i&#7873;u t&#7921; nhi&ecirc;n h&#7871;t s&#7913;c b&igrave;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng, h&#417;n n&#7919;a ng&#432;&#7901;i tu &#272;&#7841;o l&#7841;i v&ocirc; c&ugrave;ng ph&#7893; bi&#7871;n. &#272;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t khi vua Nghi&ecirc;u t&#7841;i v&#7883;, c&#361;ng l&agrave; th&#7901;i k&#7923; &#273;&#7841;i h&#7891;ng th&#7911;y b&#7897;c ph&aacute;t, r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u n&#7873;n v&#259;n minh &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; h&#7911;y m&#7845;t. Gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; c&aacute;c v&#7883; th&aacute;nh v&#432;&#417;ng Nghi&ecirc;u Thu&#7845;n V&#361;, nh&#7919;ng l&#7901;i n&oacute;i h&agrave;nh &#273;&#7897;ng c&#7911;a h&#7885; tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh ph&eacute;p t&#7855;c cho ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7901;i. Cho n&ecirc;n y&ecirc;u c&#7847;u &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i h&#7885; l&agrave; tuy&#7879;t &#273;&#7889;i kh&ocirc;ng cho ph&eacute;p d&ugrave;ng nh&acirc;n t&acirc;m &#273;&#7875; l&agrave;m vi&#7879;c. H&#7885; ch&#7881; c&oacute; th&#7875; d&ugrave;ng nh&#7919;ng gi&aacute;o h&oacute;a c&#7911;a Th&#7847;n &#273;&#7875; l&agrave;m vi&#7879;c, l&agrave;m theo Thi&ecirc;n &#273;&#7841;o. Ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; l&#7845;y gi&aacute;o h&oacute;a c&#7911;a Th&#7847;n l&agrave;m trung, l&#7845;y Thi&ecirc;n &#273;&#7841;o l&agrave;m trung. T&#7915; g&oacute;c &#273;&#7897; hi&#7879;n th&#7921;c m&agrave; x&eacute;t, &#272;&#7841;i V&#361; tr&#7883; th&#7911;y kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; n&#259;ng l&#7921;c c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; th&#7875; l&agrave;m &#273;&#432;&#7907;c. D&#432;&#7899;i s&#7921; gi&uacute;p &#273;&#7905; c&#7911;a T&acirc;y V&#432;&#417;ng M&#7851;u v&agrave; ch&uacute;ng Th&#7847;n th&igrave; h&#7885; m&#7899;i c&oacute; th&#7875; th&agrave;nh c&ocirc;ng. H&#7885; l&agrave;m th&#7871; n&agrave;o c&oacute; th&#7875; d&ugrave;ng gi&aacute;o h&oacute;a c&#7911;a Th&#7847;n l&agrave;m ti&ecirc;u chu&#7849;n &#273;&acirc;y? Gi&#7889;ng trong &ldquo;C&#7921;u &#431;&#7899;c to&agrave;n th&#432;&rdquo; gi&#7843;ng v&#7873; Mose nh&#7901; th&#7847;n l&#7921;c c&#7911;a Yehovah c&#7913;u ng&#432;&#7901;i Israel ra kh&#7887;i Ai C&#7853;p v&agrave; c&#7913;u to&agrave;n b&#7897; d&acirc;n t&#7897;c Israel. V&#7853;y th&igrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i Israel &#273;&#432;&#417;ng nhi&ecirc;n tin v&agrave;o Yehovah, l&#7845;y &#432;&#7899;c &#273;&#7883;nh c&#7911;a Yehovah l&agrave;m ti&ecirc;u chu&#7849;n. Cho n&ecirc;n <i>trung<\/i> trong &ldquo;<i>Do&atilde;n ch&#7845;p quy&#7871;t trung<\/i>&rdquo; l&agrave; ch&#7881; thi&ecirc;n &#273;&#7841;o.<\/p>\n<p>V&#259;n h&oacute;a m&agrave; Nghi&ecirc;u Thu&#7845;n truy&#7873;n kh&ocirc;ng h&#7873; nh&#7855;c t&#7899;i ch&#7919; <i>dung<\/i>. <i>Trung dung<\/i> l&agrave; do Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; &#273;&#7873; xu&#7845;t ra. V&#7853;y th&igrave; ch&#7919; <i>dung<\/i> n&agrave;y c&oacute; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng mang theo d&#7845;u &#7845;n c&#7911;a th&#7901;i &#273;&#7841;i. Mu&#7889;n l&yacute; gi&#7843;i ch&#7919; <i>dung<\/i> th&igrave; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; t&aacute;ch r&#7901;i ho&agrave;n c&#7843;nh l&#7883;ch s&#7917; v&#259;n h&oacute;a th&#7901;i &#273;&oacute;. Ch&#7919; <i>dung<\/i> trong th&#7901;i &#273;&#7841;i &#272;&ocirc;ng Chu l&agrave; ch&#7881; ng&#432;&#7901;i lao &#273;&#7897;ng c&oacute; &#273;&#7883;a v&#7883; th&#7845;p k&eacute;m, ho&#7863;c l&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i l&agrave;m thu&ecirc;. V&#7873; sau, ngh&#297;a b&oacute;ng ch&#7881; ng&#432;&#7901;i b&igrave;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; tr&iacute; hu&#7879;. T&ocirc;i cho r&#7857;ng ch&#7919; <i>dung<\/i> n&agrave;y l&agrave; ch&#7881; th&aacute;i &#273;&#7897; khi&ecirc;m nh&#432;&#7901;ng. Ch&uacute;ng ta h&atilde;y xem m&#7897;t &#273;o&#7841;n trong &ldquo;Trung Dung&rdquo;:<\/p>\n<p><i>L&atilde;o t&#7917; vi&#7871;t: &ldquo;<\/i>&#272;&#7841;o v&#7889;n ch&#7859;ng xa ng&#432;&#7901;i. Ng&#432;&#7901;i n&#7871;u v&igrave; mu&#7889;n th&#7921;c h&agrave;nh &#272;&#7841;o m&agrave; r&#7901;i xa con ng&#432;&#7901;i, nh&#432; th&#7871; th&igrave; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7921;c h&agrave;nh &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#272;&#7841;o<i>.&rdquo; Kinh Thi n&oacute;i: &ldquo;<\/i>&#272;&#7869;o c&aacute;n b&uacute;a, &#273;&#7869;o c&aacute;n b&uacute;a! Th&igrave; c&aacute;ch th&#7913;c &#273;&acirc;u c&oacute; xa<i>&rdquo; (m&#7851;u c&aacute;n b&uacute;a &#7903; ngay tr&#432;&#7899;c m&#7855;t &#273;&oacute;). Tay c&#7847;m c&aacute;n b&uacute;a &#273;&#7875; g&#7885;t &#273;&#7869;o m&#7897;t c&aacute;i c&aacute;n b&uacute;a, ch&#7881; li&#7871;c m&#7855;t l&agrave; c&oacute; th&#7875; nh&igrave;n th&#7845;y ngay m&#7851;u, m&agrave; c&ograve;n l&#7845;y l&agrave;m xa. Cho n&ecirc;n ng&#432;&#7901;i qu&acirc;n t&#7917; d&ugrave;ng c&aacute;i &#273;&#7841;o l&yacute; v&#7889;n s&#7861;n c&oacute; &#7903; ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7875; u&#7889;n n&#7855;n s&#7917;a ch&#7919;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i. &#272;&#7871;n khi u&#7889;n n&#7855;n s&#7917;a ch&#7919;a &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7899;i th&ocirc;i.&rdquo;<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>&nbsp;<\/i><i>&ldquo;Ph&#7849;m ch&#7845;t trung th&#7913; kh&aacute;c v&#7899;i &#273;&#7841;o Trung dung kh&ocirc;ng xa, &#273;i&#7873;u g&igrave; th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n cho b&#7843;n th&acirc;n m&agrave; m&igrave;nh kh&ocirc;ng mu&#7889;n th&igrave; &#273;&#7915;ng &aacute;p &#273;&#7863;t cho ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&aacute;c.&rdquo;<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>&nbsp;<\/i><i>&ldquo;&#272;&#7841;o c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i qu&acirc;n t&#7917; c&oacute; b&#7889;n &#273;i&#7873;u, b&#7843;n th&acirc;n t&ocirc;i v&#7851;n ch&#432;a l&agrave;m &#273;&#432;&#7907;c: &#272;i&#7873;u g&igrave; m&igrave;nh y&ecirc;u c&#7847;u &#7903; con, th&igrave; m&igrave;nh &#273;em &#273;i&#7873;u &#273;&oacute; th&#7901; b&#7889;. &#272;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y t&ocirc;i ch&#432;a l&agrave;m &#273;&#432;&#7907;c; &#273;i&#7873;u m&igrave;nh y&ecirc;u c&#7847;u &#7903; thu&#7897;c h&#7841;, th&igrave; m&igrave;nh &#273;em &#273;i&#7873;u &#273;&oacute; m&agrave; th&#7901; vua, &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y t&ocirc;i ch&#432;a l&agrave;m &#273;&#432;&#7907;c; &#273;i&#7873;u g&igrave; m&igrave;nh y&ecirc;u c&#7847;u &#7903; ng&#432;&#7901;i em, th&igrave; m&igrave;nh &#273;em &#273;i&#7873;u &#273;&oacute; m&agrave; th&#7901; anh, &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y t&ocirc;i ch&#432;a l&agrave;m &#273;&#432;&#7907;c; &#273;i&#7873;u g&igrave; m&igrave;nh y&ecirc;u c&#7847;u &#7903; b&#7841;n b&egrave; th&igrave; &#273;em &#273;i&#7873;u &#273;&oacute; th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n tr&#432;&#7899;c v&#7899;i b&#7841;n b&egrave;, &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y t&ocirc;i ch&#432;a l&agrave;m &#273;&#432;&#7907;c. V&#7873; vi&#7879;c thi h&agrave;nh nh&#7919;ng ph&#7849;m &#273;&#7913;c b&igrave;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng, c&#7849;n th&#7853;n trong n&oacute;i n&#259;ng th&#432;&#7901;ng ng&agrave;y, n&#7871;u c&oacute; ch&#7895; thi&#7871;u s&oacute;t, th&igrave; c&#361;ng ch&#7859;ng d&aacute;m kh&ocirc;ng c&#7889; v&#432;&#417;n l&ecirc;n, n&#7871;u l&agrave;m &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nhi&#7873;u h&#417;n n&oacute;i, th&igrave; c&#361;ng ch&#7859;ng d&aacute;m n&oacute;i h&#7871;t. N&oacute;i l&#7901;i ph&#7843;i ch&uacute; &yacute; &#273;&#7871;n vi&#7879;c l&agrave;m c&#7911;a m&igrave;nh, vi&#7879;c l&agrave;m ph&#7843;i ch&uacute; &yacute; &#273;&#7871;n l&#7901;i n&oacute;i. Ng&#432;&#7901;i qu&acirc;n t&#7917; c&oacute; l&#7869; n&agrave;o kh&ocirc;ng ch&#259;m ch&#259;m th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n &#273;i&#7873;u &#273;&oacute;?&rdquo;<\/i><\/p>\n<p>&#272;o&#7841;n n&agrave;y gi&#7843;ng r&#7857;ng s&#7921; gi&aacute;o h&oacute;a c&#7911;a Th&#7847;n ban &#273;&#7847;u v&#7889;n r&#7845;t g&#7847;n g&#361;i v&#7899;i con ng&#432;&#7901;i, nh&#432;ng c&oacute; ng&#432;&#7901;i l&agrave;m ra v&#7867; cao th&acirc;m r&#7891;i r&#7901;i xa kh&#7887;i s&#7921; gi&aacute;o h&oacute;a c&#7911;a Th&#7847;n; c&oacute; ng&#432;&#7901;i li&#7871;c tr&ocirc;ng s&#7921; gi&aacute;o h&oacute;a c&#7911;a Th&#7847;n, b&#7845;t k&iacute;nh v&#7899;i Thi&ecirc;n &#273;&#7841;o; c&oacute; ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; t&#7853;n t&acirc;m t&#7853;n l&#7921;c v&#7899;i s&#7921; gi&aacute;o h&oacute;a c&#7911;a Th&#7847;n. Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; gi&#7843;ng b&#7843;n th&acirc;n &ocirc;ng c&#361;ng kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; t&#7853;n t&acirc;m t&#7853;n l&#7921;c chi&#7875;u theo s&#7921; gi&aacute;o h&oacute;a c&#7911;a Th&#7847;n m&agrave; l&agrave;m cho t&#7889;t. N&#7871;u bi&#7871;t khi&ecirc;m nh&#432;&#7901;ng v&agrave; c&#7849;n tr&#7885;ng t&#7915;ng l&#7901;i n&oacute;i t&#7915;ng h&agrave;nh &#273;&#7897;ng, t&#7853;n t&acirc;m t&#7853;n l&#7921;c v&#7899;i gi&aacute;o h&oacute;a c&#7911;a Th&#7847;n, l&#7901;i n&oacute;i nh&#7845;t tr&iacute; v&#7899;i h&agrave;nh &#273;&#7897;ng, ng&#432;&#7901;i bi&#7871;t tu d&#432;&#7905;ng b&#7843;n th&acirc;n nh&#432; th&#7871; n&agrave;y nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7883;nh l&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i trung h&#7853;u th&agrave;nh th&#7853;t. &#272;o&#7841;n n&agrave;y n&oacute;i r&otilde; &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i gi&aacute;o h&oacute;a c&#7911;a Th&#7847;n c&#7847;n l&#7845;y th&aacute;i &#273;&#7897; khi&ecirc;m nh&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#7889;i &#273;&atilde;i, c&#7847;n tu&acirc;n th&#7911; l&agrave;m theo. Ch&uacute;ng ta xem l&#7841;i c&acirc;u &#273;&#7847;u trong &ldquo;Trung Dung&rdquo;.<i><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i><\/i><i>Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; n&oacute;i: &ldquo;Nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n khi&#7871;n &#272;&#7841;o kh&ocirc;ng th&#7921;c h&agrave;nh &#273;&#432;&#7907;c, ta &#273;&atilde; bi&#7871;t r&#7891;i: ng&#432;&#7901;i tr&iacute; th&igrave; th&aacute;i qu&aacute;, k&#7867; ngu th&igrave; b&#7845;t c&#7853;p. Nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n khi&#7871;n &#273;&#7841;o ch&#7859;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7901;i hi&#7875;u r&otilde;, ta &#273;&atilde; bi&#7871;t r&#7891;i:<\/i><i> <\/i><i>ng&#432;&#7901;i hi&#7873;n th&igrave; th&aacute;i qu&aacute;, k&#7867; b&#7845;t t&agrave;i th&igrave; b&#7845;t c&#7853;p. Ng&#432;&#7901;i ta ch&#7859;ng c&oacute; ai kh&ocirc;ng &#259;n kh&ocirc;ng u&#7889;ng,<\/i><i> <\/i><i>nh&#432;ng r&#7845;t &iacute;t ng&#432;&#7901;i bi&#7871;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&ugrave;i v&#7883;.&rdquo;<\/i><\/p>\n<p>&#272;o&#7841;n n&agrave;y gi&#7843;ng v&#7873; nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n khi&#7871;n cho nh&#7919;ng gi&aacute;o h&oacute;a c&#7911;a Th&#7847;n kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; ph&#7893; bi&#7871;n, &#273;&oacute; l&agrave; v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; <i>th&aacute;i qu&aacute;<\/i> v&agrave; <i>b&#7845;t c&#7853;p<\/i> (l&agrave;m kh&ocirc;ng t&#7899;i n&#417;i t&#7899;i ch&#7889;n). T&#7841;i sao l&#7841;i c&oacute; v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; th&aacute;i qu&aacute; v&agrave; b&#7845;t c&#7853;p n&agrave;y? Ng&#432;&#7901;i l&agrave;m th&aacute;i qu&aacute; nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7883;nh l&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i cho b&#7843;n th&acirc;n l&agrave; &#273;&uacute;ng. Ng&#432;&#7901;i l&agrave;m kh&ocirc;ng t&#7899;i n&#417;i t&#7899;i ch&#7889;n t&#7845;t l&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&ocirc;ng khi&ecirc;m t&#7889;n h&#7885;c h&#7887;i.<\/p>\n<p><i>Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; n&oacute;i: &ldquo;C&aacute;ch s&#7889;ng c&#7911;a Nhan H&#7891;i l&agrave; sau khi nh&#7853;n r&otilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c &#273;&#7841;o Trung Dung, &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7897;t &#273;i&#7875;m &#273;&uacute;ng th&igrave; c&#7849;n th&#7853;n gi&#7919; l&#7845;y, &ocirc;m v&agrave;o l&ograve;ng, kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#7875; cho n&oacute; m&#7845;t &#273;i n&#7919;a&rdquo;<\/i>. <i><\/i><\/p>\n<p>&#7902; &#273;&acirc;y Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; t&aacute;n d&#432;&#417;ng Nhan H&#7891;i kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i v&igrave; Nhan H&#7891;i r&#7845;t th&ocirc;ng minh. M&agrave; l&agrave; v&igrave; Nhan H&#7891;i c&oacute; th&#7875; d&ugrave;ng th&aacute;i &#273;&#7897; khi&ecirc;m t&#7889;n &#273;&#7875; &#273;&#7889;i &#273;&atilde;i v&#7899;i gi&aacute;o h&oacute;a c&#7911;a Th&#7847;n, &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i gi&aacute;o h&oacute;a c&#7911;a Th&#7847;n c&oacute; th&#7875; : &ldquo;<i>kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#7875; cho n&oacute; m&#7845;t &#273;i n&#7919;a<\/i>&rdquo;.<\/p>\n<p>Th&ocirc;ng qua nh&#7919;ng ph&acirc;n t&iacute;ch &#7903; tr&ecirc;n, t&ocirc;i cho r&#7857;ng Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; &#273;&#7873; xu&#7845;t t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng trung dung l&agrave; th&aacute;i &#273;&#7897; &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i Thi&ecirc;n &#273;&#7841;o, &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i gi&aacute;o h&oacute;a c&#7911;a Th&#7847;n c&#7847;n ph&#7843;i c&oacute; th&aacute;i &#273;&#7897; khi&ecirc;m nh&#432;&#7901;ng, c&#7847;n l&#7845;y gi&aacute;o h&oacute;a c&#7911;a Th&#7847;n l&agrave;m ti&ecirc;u chu&#7849;n m&agrave; h&#7871;t l&ograve;ng tu&acirc;n th&#7911;. Cho n&ecirc;n b&#7843;n th&acirc;n trung dung v&#7889;n kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; &#273;&#7841;o. Coi trung dung l&agrave; &#273;&#7841;o l&agrave; c&aacute;ch l&agrave;m b&#7887; ch&iacute;nh l&#7845;y ph&#7909; c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&ocirc;ng bi&#7871;t ch&#7885;n l&#7885;c, v&#7913;t b&#7887; b&#7843;n ch&#7845;t c&#7911;a v&#259;n h&oacute;a Th&#7847;n truy&#7873;n, l&#7845;y c&aacute;i v&#7887; ngo&agrave;i c&#7911;a v&#259;n h&oacute;a Nho gia ra &#273;&#7875; thuy&#7871;t gi&aacute;o.<\/p>\n<p>T&#7915; t&#432; t&#432;&#7903;ng trung dung ch&uacute;ng ta c&oacute; th&#7875; ph&acirc;n &#273;&#7883;nh r&otilde; &#273;&acirc;u l&agrave; ch&iacute;nh &#273;&acirc;u l&agrave; t&agrave;. D&#7841;y ng&#432;&#7901;i h&#432;&#7899;ng thi&#7879;n, d&#7841;y ng&#432;&#7901;i chi&#7875;u theo ph&aacute;p l&yacute; c&#7911;a v&#361; tr&#7909; m&agrave; h&agrave;nh s&#7921; nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7883;nh l&agrave; ch&iacute;nh. &#272;&#7843; k&iacute;ch thi&#7879;n l&#432;&#417;ng, d&#7841;y ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7845;u v&#7899;i tr&#7901;i &#273;&#7845;u v&#7899;i &#273;&#7845;t &#273;&#7845;u v&#7899;i ng&#432;&#7901;i th&igrave; nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7883;nh l&agrave; t&agrave;. &#272;CSTQ ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; t&agrave; gi&aacute;o. Tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&acirc;y t&ocirc;i kh&ocirc;ng hi&#7875;u v&#7873; vi&#7879;c &#272;CSTQ ph&ecirc; ph&aacute;n Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917;. Cho r&#7857;ng Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; kh&ocirc;ng c&ograve;n t&#7841;i th&#7871; &#273;&atilde; h&#417;n 2000 n&#259;m r&#7891;i, ph&ecirc; ph&aacute;n Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; th&igrave; c&oacute; &yacute; ngh&#297;a g&igrave; ch&#7913;? Sau n&agrave;y &#273;&#7885;c nh&#7919;ng cu&#7889;n s&aacute;ch &#272;CSTQ c&#7845;m nh&#432;: C&#7917;u B&igrave;nh C&#7897;ng S&#7843;n &#272;&#7843;ng, Gi&#7843;i Th&#7875; V&#259;n H&oacute;a &#272;&#7843;ng, Con &#272;&#432;&#7901;ng Tr&#7903; Th&agrave;nh Ma C&#7911;a Marx t&ocirc;i m&#7899;i hi&#7875;u. &#272;CSTQ l&agrave; <a class=\"lar-automated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/chu-giai-tu-vung#ta_linh\" 28738 rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">t&agrave; linh<\/a> ph&#7909; th&#7875;, n&oacute; l&#7845;y vi&#7879;c ph&aacute; ho&#7841;i ch&iacute;nh t&iacute;n c&#7911;a con ng&#432;&#7901;i l&agrave;m m&#7909;c &#273;&iacute;ch, cu&#7889;i c&ugrave;ng l&agrave; mu&#7889;n h&#7911;y di&#7879;t nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i. Ch&#7911; ngh&#297;a g&igrave; ch&iacute;nh tr&#7883; g&igrave; c&#7911;a t&agrave; &#273;&#7843;ng <a class=\"lar-automated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/chu-giai-tu-vung#trung_cong\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Trung C&#7897;ng<\/a> c&#361;ng ch&#7881; l&agrave; m&#7897;t c&aacute;i c&#7901; hi&#7879;u. B&#7843;n ch&#7845;t ma gi&aacute;o c&#7911;a &#272;CSTQ &#273;&atilde; quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7883;nh vi&#7879;c n&oacute; l&agrave;m nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7883;nh l&agrave; l&#7845;y ph&aacute; ho&#7841;i l&agrave;m s&#7903; tr&#432;&#7901;ng. M&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i xem hi&#7879;n nay th&#7901;i ti&#7871;t m&acirc;y m&ugrave;, &ocirc; nhi&#7877;m ngu&#7891;n n&#432;&#7899;c, &#273;&#7845;t tr&#7891;ng sa m&#7841;c h&oacute;a, th&#7921;c ph&#7849;m c&oacute; &#273;&#7897;c, tham quan h&#7911; b&#7841;i cho &#273;&#7871;n hoang d&acirc;m v&ocirc; &#273;&#7897; v.v. &#273;&#7873;u l&agrave; do &#272;CSTQ ph&aacute; ho&#7841;i v&#259;n h&oacute;a truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng, c&#432;&#7905;ng ch&#7871; h&#7911;y &#273;i &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c l&#432;&#417;ng tri g&acirc;y ra. &#272;CSTQ kh&ocirc;ng cho ng&#432;&#7901;i ta tin v&agrave;o Th&#7847;n nh&#432;ng l&#7841;i m&#7903; ra h&#7885;c vi&#7879;n Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; &#7903; c&aacute;c n&#432;&#7899;c, l&#7845;y danh ngh&#297;a h&#7885;c vi&#7879;n Kh&#7893;ng T&#7917; &#273;&#7875; l&#7915;a g&#7841;t ng&#432;&#7901;i th&#7871; gian. Ch&uacute;ng ta ch&#7899; c&oacute; &#273;&#7875; b&#7883; nh&#7919;ng gi&#7843; t&#432;&#7899;ng &#272;CSTQ l&#7915;a g&#7841;t. Tr&ecirc;n th&#7871; gian hi&#7879;n nay, Ph&#7853;t Ph&aacute;p &#273;ang h&#7891;ng truy&#7873;n, m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7883;nh ph&#7843;i tr&acirc;n qu&yacute;! Ch&#7899; &#273;&#7875; nh&#7919;ng l&#7901;i d&#7889;i tr&aacute; c&#7911;a &#272;CSTQ b&#432;ng b&iacute;t. Gi&#7919;a thi&#7879;n v&agrave; &aacute;c b&#7841;n h&atilde;y &#273;&#432;a ra l&#7921;a ch&#7885;n &#273;&uacute;ng &#273;&#7855;n cho m&igrave;nh, v&igrave; b&#7843;n th&acirc;n m&agrave; &#273;&#432;a ra l&#7921;a ch&#7885;n cho t&#432;&#417;ng lai t&#7889;t &#273;&#7865;p.<\/p>\n<p>B&agrave;i vi&#7871;t n&agrave;y l&agrave; ki&#7871;n gi&#7843;i c&#7911;a c&aacute; nh&acirc;n, vi&#7871;t ra ch&#7881; &#273;&#7875; giao l&#432;u chia s&#7867;.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>D&#7883;ch t&#7915;: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.zhengjian.org\/2014\/07\/27\/133606.%E4%BB%8E%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%BA%B8%E3%80%8B%E7%9C%8B%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%98%E5%BC%82.html\">http:\/\/www.zhengjian.org\/2014\/07\/27\/133606.&#20174;&#12298;&#20013;&#24248;&#12299;&#30475;&#20754;&#23478;&#25991;&#21270;&#30340;&#21464;&#24322;.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[ChanhKien.org] &#272;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c c&#7911;a x&atilde; h&#7897;i hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i &#273;ang xu&#7889;ng d&#7889;c, r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i mu&#7889;n t&igrave;m l&#7889;i tho&aacute;t t&#7915; v&#259;n h&oacute;a truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng. Nh&#432;ng v&#259;n h&oacute;a truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng trong qu&aacute; tr&igrave;nh truy&#7873;n th&#7915;a c&#361;ng kh&ocirc;ng ng&#7915;ng bi&#7871;n d&#7883;, c&#7897;ng th&ecirc;m s&#7921; c&#7889; &yacute; ph&aacute; ho&#7841;i c&#7911;a &#272;&#7843;ng C&#7897;ng s&#7843;n Trung Qu&#7889;c (&#272;CSTQ), con ng&#432;&#7901;i hi&#7879;n [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[103],"tags":[298],"class_list":["post-23853","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vanhoa-truyenthong","tag-trung-dung"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>T\u1eeb \u201cTrung Dung\u201d nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a Nho gia - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2015\/01\/tu-trung-dung-nhin-lai-su-bien-di-cua-van-hoa-nho-gia.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"T\u1eeb \u201cTrung Dung\u201d nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a Nho gia - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[ChanhKien.org] &#272;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c c&#7911;a x&atilde; h&#7897;i hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i &#273;ang xu&#7889;ng d&#7889;c, r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i mu&#7889;n t&igrave;m l&#7889;i tho&aacute;t t&#7915; v&#259;n h&oacute;a truy&#7873;n th&#7889;ng. 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