{"id":23305,"date":"2014-03-27T04:22:12","date_gmt":"2014-03-27T04:22:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?p=23305"},"modified":"2025-05-12T10:25:22","modified_gmt":"2025-05-12T03:25:22","slug":"de-cao-tieu-chuan-dao-duc-la-thiet-yeu-de-cac-sinh-vat-song-thinh-vuong-tren-trai-dat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2014\/03\/de-cao-tieu-chuan-dao-duc-la-thiet-yeu-de-cac-sinh-vat-song-thinh-vuong-tren-trai-dat.html","title":{"rendered":"\u0110\u1ec1 cao ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" title=\"KhoaHocChanChinh\" alt=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/chanhkien.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/KhoaHocChanChinh.jpg\" width=\"321\" height=\"444\"><\/p>\n<p><b>[Chanhkien.org]<\/b> Ch&#432;&#417;ng &ldquo;S&aacute;ng th&#7871;&rdquo; trong Kinh Th&aacute;nh c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#432;&#417;ng T&acirc;y gi&#7843;ng r&#7857;ng: &ldquo;<i>L&uacute;c kh&#7903;i &#273;&#7847;u, Thi&ecirc;n Ch&uacute;a s&aacute;ng t&#7841;o tr&#7901;i &#273;&#7845;t<\/i>&ldquo;. Truy&#7873;n thuy&#7871;t c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i Trung Qu&#7889;c k&#7875; l&#7841;i r&#7857;ng B&agrave;n C&#7893; &ldquo;<i>mang l&#7841;i tr&#7853;t t&#7921; cho s&#7921; h&#7895;n &#273;&#7897;n b&#7857;ng c&aacute;ch t&#7915; h&#432; kh&ocirc;ng m&agrave; t&#7841;o ra v&#7841;n v&#7853;t, v&agrave; t&#7841;o ra Tr&aacute;i &#272;&#7845;t &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n&hellip;<\/i>&rdquo; Ch&uacute;ng ta hi&#7875;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c r&#7857;ng ngu&#7891;n g&#7889;c v&#361; tr&#7909; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7841;o ra nh&#432; th&#7871; n&agrave;o trong c&#7843; hai truy&#7873;n thuy&#7871;t c&#7911;a ph&#432;&#417;ng T&acirc;y l&#7851;n c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c v&#7873; c&#259;n b&#7843;n l&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng kh&aacute;c nhau. C&#7843; hai &#273;&#7873;u n&oacute;i r&otilde; r&agrave;ng r&#7857;ng tr&#7901;i v&agrave; &#273;&#7845;t &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7841;o ra &#273;&#7875; d&agrave;nh ri&ecirc;ng cho nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i.<\/p>\n<p>Th&#7853;t ra, c&aacute;c truy&#7873;n thuy&#7871;t n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; th&#7921;c s&#7921; v&eacute;n m&#7903; &#273;i&#7873;u b&iacute; &#7849;n c&#7911;a v&#361; tr&#7909;, cho ch&uacute;ng ta bi&#7871;t r&#7857;ng v&#7841;n v&#7853;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7841;o ra &#273;&#7875; cho nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i c&oacute; th&#7875; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i. Nh&#7919;ng th&#7913; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7841;o ra g&#7891;m c&oacute; ng&#7885;n n&uacute;i xanh t&#432;&#417;i, con su&#7889;i trong v&#7855;t, th&#7843;m c&#7887; t&#432;&#417;i t&#7889;t, c&aacute;c n&#7867;o &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng, nh&#7919;ng con ph&#7889;, v&agrave; c&aacute;c th&agrave;nh th&#7883;. H&agrave;ng ng&agrave;n lo&agrave;i chim v&agrave; h&agrave;ng tr&#259;m lo&agrave;i th&uacute; s&#7889;ng tr&ecirc;n n&uacute;i, h&agrave;ng ng&agrave;n lo&agrave;i c&aacute; b&#417;i d&#432;&#7899;i n&#432;&#7899;c, v&agrave; c&oacute; th&#7853;t nhi&#7873;u ngu&#7891;n l&#432;&#417;ng th&#7921;c tr&ecirc;n Tr&aacute;i &#272;&#7845;t &#273;&#7875; nu&ocirc;i s&#7889;ng m&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i. T&#7845;t c&#7843; &#273;&#7873;u &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&#7841;o ra ch&#7911; y&#7871;u l&agrave; &#273;&#7875; d&agrave;nh cho s&#7921; th&#432;&#7903;ng ngo&#7841;n, s&#7889;ng c&ograve;n v&agrave; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n c&#7911;a nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i. Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, ch&uacute;ng ta ph&#7843;i nh&#7845;n m&#7841;nh r&#7857;ng &#273;&acirc;y l&agrave; m&#7897;t &acirc;n hu&#7879; ch&#7913; kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; quy&#7873;n l&#7907;i. Nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ban cho c&#417; h&#7897;i l&agrave;m ch&#7911; Tr&aacute;i &#272;&#7845;t. Nh&#432;ng ng&#432;&#7907;c l&#7841;i con ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7843;i tu&acirc;n theo nh&#7919;ng ti&ecirc;u chu&#7849;n &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7883;nh. &#272;i&#7873;u quan tr&#7885;ng l&agrave; ph&#7843;i nh&#7899; r&#7857;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c l&agrave;m ng&#432;&#7901;i l&agrave; m&#7897;t &#273;&#7863;c &acirc;n &#273;i k&egrave;m v&#7899;i tr&aacute;ch nhi&#7879;m, v&iacute; d&#7909; nh&#432; duy tr&igrave; c&aacute;c chu&#7849;n m&#7921;c &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c. N&#7871;u nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i l&agrave;m tr&aacute;i v&#7899;i c&aacute;c ph&aacute;p l&yacute; &#273;&atilde; t&#7841;o n&ecirc;n s&#7921; s&#7889;ng trong v&#361; tr&#7909;, b&#7887; qua vi&#7879;c b&#7843;o t&#7891;n c&aacute;c gi&aacute; tr&#7883; &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c, l&agrave;m vi&#7879;c x&#7845;u v&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng ph&ugrave; h&#7907;p v&#7899;i c&aacute;c ti&ecirc;u chu&#7849;n t&acirc;m t&iacute;nh th&igrave; h&#7853;u qu&#7843; s&#7869; li&#7873;n k&#7873;. Do v&#7853;y, ch&uacute;ng ta ph&#7843;i nh&#7899; r&#7857;ng nh&acirc;n n&agrave;o s&#7869; sinh ra qu&#7843; n&#7845;y. Nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i s&#7869; kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c cho ph&eacute;p l&agrave;m ng&#432;&#7901;i n&#7919;a. Khi &#273;&oacute; s&#7921; t&#7891;n t&#7841;i c&#7911;a nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i &#273;&#7889;i m&#7863;t v&#7899;i nguy hi&#7875;m v&agrave; Tr&aacute;i &#272;&#7845;t s&#7869; kh&ocirc;ng dung ch&#7913;a h&#7885; n&#7919;a.<\/p>\n<p>&Ocirc;ng L&yacute; H&#7891;ng Ch&iacute;, ng&#432;&#7901;i s&aacute;ng l&#7853;p <a href=\"http:\/\/phapluan.org\/\">Ph&aacute;p Lu&acirc;n C&ocirc;ng<\/a> &#273;&atilde; gi&#7843;ng: &ldquo;<i>Ng&#432;&#7901;i v&ocirc; &#273;&#7913;c, thi&ecirc;n tai nh&acirc;n ho&#7841;. &#272;&#7845;t v&ocirc; &#273;&#7913;c, v&#7841;n v&#7853;t &#273;i&ecirc;u t&agrave;n<\/i>.&rdquo; (Ph&aacute;p Ch&iacute;nh &ndash; Tinh T&#7845;n Y&#7871;u Ch&#7881;). Trong l&#7883;ch s&#7917; nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i c&oacute; nhi&#7873;u b&agrave;i h&#7885;c v&#7873; c&aacute;c th&#7843;m h&#7885;a x&#7843;y ra khi nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i suy &#273;&#7891;i. Th&#7853;m ch&iacute; ng&agrave;y nay c&#361;ng c&oacute; nhi&#7873;u thi&ecirc;n tai ch&#7881; ra cho con ng&#432;&#7901;i th&#7845;y r&#7857;ng h&#7885; kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c l&agrave;m tr&aacute;i v&#7899;i quy lu&#7853;t c&#7911;a v&#361; tr&#7909;.<\/p>\n<p><b>1. B&agrave;i h&#7885;c t&#7915; c&aacute;c s&#7921; ki&#7879;n l&#7883;ch s&#7917; x&#7843;y ra h&agrave;ng ng&agrave;n n&#259;m tr&#432;&#7899;c<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Kho&#7843;ng 4000 n&#259;m TCN, m&#7897;t ch&#7911;ng t&#7897;c t&ecirc;n l&agrave; Sumerian &#273;&atilde; di c&#432; t&#7899;i v&ugrave;ng L&#432;&#7905;ng H&agrave; v&agrave; x&acirc;m chi&#7871;m d&acirc;n t&#7897;c Semite v&agrave; Ubaidian. V&#259;n h&oacute;a c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i Sumerian ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n r&#7845;t cao v&agrave; nh&#7901; &#273;&oacute; h&#7885; &#273;&atilde; x&acirc;y d&#7921;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c m&#7897;t n&#7873;n v&#259;n minh th&#7883;nh v&#432;&#7907;ng. Khoa h&#7885;c c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i Sumerian r&#7845;t ti&ecirc;n ti&#7871;n v&agrave; h&#7885; &#273;&atilde; ph&aacute;t minh ra h&#7879; th&#7889;ng ch&#7919; vi&#7871;t t&#432;&#7907;ng h&igrave;nh s&#7899;m nh&#7845;t trong l&#7883;ch s&#7917;, ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c h&#7879; th&#7889;ng s&#7889; h&#7885;c, am t&#432;&#7901;ng thi&ecirc;n v&#259;n, g&#7891;m c&oacute; ki&#7871;n th&#7913;c v&#7873; c&aacute;c h&agrave;nh tinh v&agrave; v&#361; tr&#7909;, v&agrave; c&#7843;m th&#7909; v&#259;n h&#7885;c. V&iacute; d&#7909; nh&#432; h&#7885; &#273;&atilde; c&oacute; th&#7875; &#432;&#7899;c t&iacute;nh t&#7889;c &#273;&#7897; quay c&#7911;a m&#7863;t tr&#259;ng v&#7899;i sai s&#7889; 0,4 gi&acirc;y so v&#7899;i khoa h&#7885;c ng&agrave;y nay. H&#417;n th&#7871; n&#7919;a, ng&#432;&#7901;i Sumerian c&ograve;n c&oacute; m&#7897;t h&#7879; th&#7889;ng s&#7889; h&#7885;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c chu&#7849;n h&oacute;a, d&#7921;a tr&ecirc;n h&#7879; &ldquo;l&#7909;c th&#7853;p ph&acirc;n&rdquo; (c&#417; s&#7889; 60) trong khi h&#7879; s&#7889; c&#7911;a ch&uacute;ng ta ng&agrave;y nay thu&#7897;c h&#7879; &ldquo;th&#7853;p ph&acirc;n&rdquo; (c&#417; s&#7889; 10). Do &#273;&oacute; ng&#432;&#7901;i Sumerian &#273;&atilde; c&oacute; th&#7875; t&iacute;nh to&aacute;n v&#7899;i nh&#7919;ng con s&#7889; r&#7845;t l&#7899;n &#273;&#7871;n 15 ch&#7919; s&#7889;.<\/p>\n<p>Ch&#7911;ng t&#7897;c Sumerian c&#361;ng c&oacute; m&#7897;t h&#7879; th&#7889;ng n&ocirc;ng nghi&#7879;p bao ph&#7911; r&#7897;ng r&atilde;i nh&#7901; c&oacute; &#273;&#7845;t &#273;ai m&agrave;u m&#7905; v&agrave; s&#7921; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n c&#7911;a c&aacute;c h&#7879; th&#7889;ng t&#432;&#7899;i ti&ecirc;u ph&#7913;c t&#7841;p. Qua th&#7901;i gian, nh&#7919;ng k&#7929; thu&#7853;t n&agrave;y th&uacute;c &#273;&#7849;y s&#7921; nhi&#7877;m m&#7863;n m&#7841;ch n&#432;&#7899;c ng&#7847;m, &ocirc; nhi&#7877;m ngu&#7891;n n&#432;&#7899;c v&agrave; x&oacute;i m&ograve;n &#273;&#7845;t &#273;ai. H&#7853;u qu&#7843; l&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i Sumerian th&#7845;y r&#7857;ng ngu&#7891;n l&#432;&#417;ng th&#7921;c tr&#7903; n&ecirc;n khan hi&#7871;m v&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#7911; &#259;n. Nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n l&agrave; do l&#432;&#7907;ng mu&#7889;i t&iacute;ch t&#7909; trong &#273;&#7845;t t&#7841;i c&aacute;c v&ugrave;ng canh t&aacute;c n&ocirc;ng nghi&#7879;p &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#7841;t &#273;&#7871;n m&#7913;c g&acirc;y ng&#7897; &#273;&#7897;c cho c&acirc;y tr&#7891;ng. C&#417; b&#7843;n l&agrave; mu&#7889;i trong &#273;&#7845;t &#273;&atilde; h&uacute;t h&#7871;t n&#432;&#7899;c v&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng cho c&acirc;y tr&#7891;ng l&#7845;y n&#432;&#7899;c trong &#273;&#7845;t. S&#7843;n l&#432;&#7907;ng hoa m&agrave;u d&#7847;n d&#7847;n gi&#7843;m xu&#7889;ng v&agrave; nhi&#7873;u c&aacute;nh &#273;&#7891;ng tr&#7903; n&ecirc;n c&#7857;n c&#7895;i.<\/p>\n<p>Ng&#432;&#7901;i Sumerian bu&#7897;c ph&#7843;i khai kh&#7849;n c&aacute;c v&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7845;t canh t&aacute;c m&#7899;i &#273;&#7875; b&ugrave; &#273;&#7855;p cho s&#7921; thi&#7871;u h&#7909;t s&#7843;n l&#432;&#7907;ng hoa m&agrave;u tr&ecirc;n v&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7845;t c&#7911;a h&#7885;. M&#7897;t ph&#432;&#417;ng ph&aacute;p m&agrave; h&#7885; &#273;&atilde; v&#7853;n d&#7909;ng l&agrave; ph&aacute; r&#7915;ng. Sau m&#7897;t th&#7901;i gian, c&aacute;c v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; l&#7841;i di&#7877;n ra. Khi mu&#7889;i t&iacute;ch t&#7909; trong v&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7845;t n&agrave;y th&igrave; c&aacute;c v&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7845;t m&#7899;i ph&#7843;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c khai ph&aacute;. Cho &#273;&#7871;n khi h&#7885; c&#7841;n ki&#7879;t t&agrave;i nguy&ecirc;n &#273;&#7845;t v&agrave; r&#417;i v&agrave;o ho&agrave;n c&#7843;nh bi &#273;&aacute;t. Trong v&ograve;ng 3 th&#7871; k&#7927;, l&#432;&#7907;ng mu&#7889;i t&iacute;ch t&#7909; &#273;&atilde; l&agrave;m gi&#7843;m 40% n&#259;ng su&#7845;t hoa m&agrave;u. S&#7843;n l&#432;&#7907;ng s&#7909;t gi&#7843;m d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n ngu&#7891;n l&#432;&#417;ng th&#7921;c khan hi&#7871;m. Tuy v&#7853;y d&acirc;n s&#7889; l&#7841;i kh&ocirc;ng ng&#7915;ng t&#259;ng l&ecirc;n, nh&#432;ng c&aacute;c nh&agrave; c&#7847;m quy&#7873;n l&#7841;i kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; nu&ocirc;i &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nhi&#7873;u qu&acirc;n l&iacute;nh, nh&acirc;n c&ocirc;ng v&agrave; gi&aacute;o s&#297;. Ghi ch&eacute;p trong l&#7883;ch s&#7917; ghi nh&#7853;n r&#7857;ng h&#7879; th&#7889;ng n&ocirc;ng nghi&#7879;p c&#7911;a h&#7885; s&#7909;p &#273;&#7893; n&#259;m 1800 TCN. T&#7915; &#273;&oacute; n&#7873;n v&#259;n minh huy ho&agrave;ng m&#7897;t th&#7901;i &#273;&atilde; &#273;i v&agrave;o d&#297; v&atilde;ng.<\/p>\n<p>La B&#7889; B&#7841;c l&agrave; m&#7897;t h&#7891; n&#432;&#7899;c kh&ocirc; c&#7841;n r&#7897;ng 3.000 km vu&ocirc;ng t&#7885;a l&#7841;c &#7903; v&ugrave;ng bi&ecirc;n gi&#7899;i ph&iacute;a T&acirc;y Nam c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c. N&oacute; n&#7857;m d&#432;&#7899;i ch&acirc;n ph&iacute;a Nam c&#7911;a n&uacute;i Thi&ecirc;n S&#417;n, thu&#7897;c n&#7897;i &#273;&#7883;a t&#7881;nh T&acirc;n C&#432;&#417;ng, t&#7841;i r&igrave;a c&#7911;a sa m&#7841;c Kh&#7855;c L&#7841;p M&atilde; Ki&#7873;n, &#273;&#7889;i di&#7879;n thung l&#361;ng Th&aacute;p L&yacute; M&#7897;c. Nh&igrave;n qua &#7843;nh ch&#7909;p t&#7915; v&#7879; tinh, ng&#432;&#7901;i ta c&oacute; th&#7875; th&#7845;y h&#7891; La B&#7889; B&#7841;c l&agrave; m&#7897;t hoang m&#7841;c c&aacute;t m&ecirc;nh m&ocirc;ng v&#7899;i nhi&#7873;u h&#7889; c&aacute;t. C&aacute;c ghi ch&eacute;p l&#7883;ch s&#7917; v&agrave; k&#7871;t qu&#7843; khai qu&#7853;t cho ch&uacute;ng ta bi&#7871;t r&#7857;ng trong su&#7889;t th&#7871; k&#7927; th&#7913; 2 SCN c&oacute; m&#7897;t th&agrave;nh ph&#7889; nh&#7897;n nh&#7883;p n&#7857;m &#7903; ph&iacute;a T&acirc;y B&#7855;c c&#7911;a h&#7891; La B&#7889; B&#7841;c, th&agrave;nh c&#7893; L&acirc;u Lan, &#273;&atilde; t&#7915;ng ph&aacute;t &#273;&#7841;t trong h&#417;n 800 n&#259;m. Th&agrave;nh L&acirc;u Lan l&agrave; th&#7911; ph&#7911; c&#7911;a t&#7881;nh L&acirc;u Lan v&agrave; l&agrave; m&#7897;t th&agrave;nh ph&#7889; quan tr&#7885;ng tr&ecirc;n &ldquo;con &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng t&#417; l&#7909;a&rdquo;. Do vai tr&ograve; quan tr&#7885;ng c&#7911;a n&oacute; &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i n&#7873;n kinh t&#7871; l&uacute;c b&#7845;y gi&#7901;, n&ecirc;n th&agrave;nh L&acirc;u Lan c&oacute; d&acirc;n s&#7889; r&#7845;t &#273;&ocirc;ng, &#273;&#7863;c bi&#7879;t l&agrave; gi&#7899;i ti&#7875;u th&#432;&#417;ng v&agrave; doanh nh&acirc;n. Ng&agrave;y nay s&#7921; th&#7883;nh v&#432;&#7907;ng c&#7911;a ng&agrave;y x&#432;a ch&#7881; c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&#7843;n &aacute;nh qua c&aacute;c di t&iacute;ch khai qu&#7853;t v&agrave; trong tr&iacute; t&#432;&#7903;ng t&#432;&#7907;ng.<\/p>\n<p>H&#7891; La B&#7889; B&#7841;c c&ograve;n c&oacute; t&ecirc;n l&agrave; La B&#7889; N&aacute;o Nh&#297;, ti&#7871;ng M&ocirc;ng C&#7893; ngh&#297;a l&agrave; &ldquo;<i>h&#7891; &#273;&#7847;y n&#432;&#7899;c<\/i>&ldquo;. Tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&acirc;y n&oacute; l&agrave; m&#7897;t v&ugrave;ng tr&#361;ng n&ecirc;n &#273;&atilde; tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh m&#7897;t l&ograve;ng ch&#7843;o t&iacute;ch n&#432;&#7899;c, g&#7885;i l&agrave; L&ograve;ng ch&#7843;o Th&aacute;p L&yacute; M&#7897;c thu&#7897;c t&#7881;nh T&acirc;n C&#432;&#417;ng. Nhi&#7873;u d&ograve;ng s&ocirc;ng &#273;&#7893; v&#7873; h&#7891; n&agrave;y, ch&#7859;ng h&#7841;n nh&#432; s&ocirc;ng S&#417; L&#7863;c &#273;&#7893; t&#7915; ph&iacute;a &#272;&ocirc;ng, v&agrave; s&ocirc;ng Th&aacute;p L&yacute; M&#7897;c, s&ocirc;ng Kh&#7893;ng T&#432;&#7899;c v&agrave; s&ocirc;ng Xa Nh&#297; t&#7915; ph&iacute;a T&acirc;y. Trong cu&#7889;n S&#417;n H&#7843;i Kinh xu&#7845;t x&#7913; &#273;&#7847;u tri&#7873;u T&#7847;n, h&#7891; La B&#7889; B&#7841;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&#7885;i l&agrave; &ldquo;<i>&#7845;u tr&#7841;ch<\/i>&rdquo; (h&#7891; tr&#7867;). Theo H&aacute;n Th&#432;, trong th&#7871; k&#7927; th&#7913; 1, h&#7891; n&agrave;y v&#7851;n c&ograve;n bao ph&#7911; m&#7897;t v&ugrave;ng r&#7897;ng &ldquo;<i>300 l&yacute; vu&ocirc;ng<\/i>&rdquo; (1199,68 km vu&ocirc;ng), v&agrave; &ldquo;m&#7921;c n&#432;&#7899;c trong h&#7891; kh&ocirc;ng thay &#273;&#7893;i t&#7915; m&ugrave;a h&egrave; sang m&ugrave;a &#273;&ocirc;ng&rdquo;. Theo c&aacute;c ghi ch&eacute;p l&#7883;ch s&#7917;, Con &#272;&#432;&#7901;ng T&#417; L&#7909;a ra &#273;&#7901;i s&#7899;m nh&#7845;t ch&#7841;y d&#7885;c theo b&#7901; ph&iacute;a B&#7855;c c&#7911;a h&#7891; La B&#7889; B&#7841;c v&agrave; d&#7885;c theo l&#432;u v&#7921;c c&#361; c&#7911;a s&ocirc;ng Kh&#7893;ng T&#432;&#7899;c. Sau &#273;&oacute; Con &#272;&#432;&#7901;ng T&#417; L&#7909;a &#273;&#432;&#7907;c d&#7901;i sang b&#7901; Nam c&#7911;a h&#7891;. T&#432;&#417;ng truy&#7873;n r&#7857;ng v&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7845;t d&#7885;c theo Con &#272;&#432;&#7901;ng T&#417; L&#7909;c c&oacute; d&acirc;n c&#432; d&agrave;y &#273;&#7863;c v&agrave; c&oacute; nhi&#7873;u th&#432;&#417;ng nh&acirc;n c&#361;ng nh&#432; c&#432; d&acirc;n sinh s&#7889;ng &#7903; &#273;&oacute;. C&aacute;c di t&iacute;ch kh&#7843;o c&#7893; cho th&#7845;y c&aacute;c n&#7873;n v&#259;n h&oacute;a &#272;&ocirc;ng v&agrave; T&acirc;y s&#7889;ng dung h&ograve;a v&#7899;i nhau. Ghi ch&eacute;p l&acirc;u &#273;&#7901;i nh&#7845;t v&#7873; th&agrave;nh L&acirc;u Lan c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&igrave;m th&#7845;y trong S&#7917; K&yacute; c&#7911;a T&#432; M&atilde; Thi&ecirc;n r&#7857;ng: &ldquo;<i>L&acirc;u Lan v&agrave; C&ocirc; S&#432; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c bao b&#7885;c b&#7903;i th&agrave;nh qu&aacute;ch v&agrave; c&#7843; hai &#273;&#7873;u n&#7857;m c&#7841;nh m&#7897;t h&#7891; n&#432;&#7899;c m&#7863;n<\/i>&ldquo;. Ng&#432;&#7901;i ta c&ograve;n t&igrave;m th&#7845;y &#273;&aacute; ng&#7885;c b&iacute;ch &#7903; v&ugrave;ng l&acirc;n c&#7853;n c&#7911;a L&acirc;u Lan v&agrave; d&#7885;c theo b&#7901; h&#7891; c&oacute; nhi&#7873;u c&acirc;y lau s&#7853;y, li&#7877;u, c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i c&acirc;y nh&#7887; v&agrave; c&#7887; tr&#7855;ng. C&oacute; v&#7867; nh&#432; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i du m&#7909;c c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&atilde; s&#7889;ng trong v&ugrave;ng n&agrave;y, v&igrave; h&#7885; th&#432;&#7901;ng s&#7889;ng g&#7847;n ngu&#7891;n n&#432;&#7899;c, n&#417;i c&oacute; c&#7887; v&agrave; n&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&#7875; nu&ocirc;i ng&#7921;a, l&#7915;a v&agrave; l&#7841;c &#273;&agrave; c&#7911;a h&#7885;. Kh&ocirc;ng ai bi&#7871;t &#273;i&#7873;u g&igrave; &#273;&atilde; x&#7843;y ra v&#7899;i th&agrave;nh ph&#7889; n&agrave;y, nh&#432;ng c&oacute; ghi ch&eacute;p r&#7857;ng th&agrave;nh L&acirc;u Lan &ldquo;<i>bi&#7871;n m&#7845;t m&#7897;t c&aacute;ch k&#7923; b&iacute;<\/i>&rdquo; sau n&#259;m 700 SCN. Khi Marco Polo th&aacute;m hi&#7875;m t&#7899;i v&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7845;t n&agrave;y n&#259;m 1224 SCN, &ocirc;ng ch&#7881; th&#7845;y to&agrave;n c&aacute;t v&agrave; c&#7843; th&agrave;nh ph&#7889; &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; ch&ocirc;n v&ugrave;i trong sa m&#7841;c. &Ocirc;ng kh&ocirc;ng t&igrave;m th&#7845;y b&#7845;t k&#7923; sinh v&#7853;t s&#7889;ng n&agrave;o kh&aacute;c ngo&agrave;i h&agrave;ng t&#7845;n c&aacute;t v&agrave;ng.<\/p>\n<p>Th&#7853;t s&#7921; c&oacute; nh&#7919;ng v&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7845;t tr&ugrave; ph&uacute; &#273;&atilde; bi&#7871;n m&#7845;t kh&#7855;p n&#417;i tr&ecirc;n th&#7871; gi&#7899;i do m&#7897;t s&#7921; ki&#7879;n th&#7843;m kh&#7889;c hay v&igrave; l&yacute; do n&agrave;o &#273;&oacute;. Nhi&#7873;u n&#7873;n v&#259;n minh &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; x&oacute;a s&#7893; b&#7903;i v&igrave; &#273;&#7845;t &#273;ai qu&aacute; c&#7857;n c&#7895;i, b&#7883; t&agrave;n ph&aacute; v&agrave; kh&ocirc;ng c&ograve;n ph&ugrave; h&#7907;p v&#7899;i s&#7921; s&#7889;ng.<\/p>\n<p><b>2. L&#7841;m d&#7909;ng c&aacute;c ngu&#7891;n t&agrave;i nguy&ecirc;n khan hi&#7871;m<\/b><\/p>\n<p>M&#7885;i ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7873;u bi&#7871;t nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i &#273;&atilde; v&agrave; &#273;ang khai th&aacute;c thi&ecirc;n nhi&ecirc;n qua h&agrave;ng bao th&#7871; k&#7927; nay. M&ocirc;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng xu&#7889;ng c&#7845;p. N&#7841;n x&oacute;i m&ograve;n &#273;&#7845;t &#273;ai v&#7851;n &#273;ang ti&#7871;p di&#7877;n v&agrave; n&#7873;n v&#259;n minh hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i &#273;ang b&#7883; &#273;e d&#7885;a. Ngay c&#7843; ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; chuy&ecirc;n m&ocirc;n c&#361;ng hi&#7875;u r&#7857;ng s&#7921; &#273;&ocirc; th&#7883; h&oacute;a l&agrave;m gi&#7843;m di&#7879;n t&iacute;ch &#273;&#7845;t n&ocirc;ng nghi&#7879;p m&agrave;u m&#7905;, do nhi&#7873;u th&agrave;nh ph&#7889; &#273;&atilde; v&agrave; &#273;ang &#273;&#432;&#7907;c x&acirc;y tr&ecirc;n &#273;&#7845;t canh t&aacute;c. Ch&#7859;ng h&#7841;n nh&#432;, h&#417;n m&#7897;t n&#7917;a s&#7843;n l&#432;&#7907;ng n&ocirc;ng s&#7843;n c&#7911;a ch&acirc;u M&#7929; l&agrave; t&#7915; v&ugrave;ng n&ocirc;ng th&ocirc;n n&#7857;m g&#7847;n th&agrave;nh th&#7883;. M&#7897;t s&#7889; v&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7845;t tr&#7891;ng tr&#7885;t &#7903; g&#7847;n th&agrave;nh th&#7883; c&oacute; n&#259;ng su&#7845;t r&#7845;t cao. &#7902; ch&acirc;u M&#7929;, 18% &#273;&#7845;t canh t&aacute;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&ocirc;ng nh&#7853;n l&agrave; &#273;&#7845;t n&ocirc;ng nghi&#7879;p tr&#7885;ng &#273;i&#7875;m, v&agrave; 7% di&#7879;n t&iacute;ch &#273;&#7845;t n&ocirc;ng nghi&#7879;p tr&#7885;ng &#273;i&#7875;m c&#7911;a Hoa K&#7923; n&#7857;m c&aacute;ch v&ugrave;ng th&agrave;nh th&#7883; kh&ocirc;ng qu&aacute; 80 km. Ng&#432;&#7901;i ta &#273;&atilde; bi&#7871;t r&#7857;ng nh&#7919;ng v&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7845;t &#273;&atilde; t&#7915;ng l&agrave;m &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#7921;a s&#7869; kh&ocirc;ng bao gi&#7901; d&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7875; tr&#7891;ng tr&#7885;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c n&#7919;a. L&#7841;m d&#7909;ng &#273;&#7845;t canh t&aacute;c m&agrave;u m&#7905; th&#432;&#7901;ng d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n &ocirc; nhi&#7877;m v&agrave; qua &#273;&oacute; c&oacute; th&#7875; g&acirc;y m&#7845;t m&aacute;t v&#297;nh vi&#7877;n ngu&#7891;n t&agrave;i nguy&ecirc;n &#273;&#7845;t n&ocirc;ng nghi&#7879;p.<\/p>\n<p>C&oacute; th&#7875; n&oacute;i s&#7921; m&#7845;t m&aacute;t &#273;&#7845;t &#273;ai &#273;&aacute;ng k&#7875; nh&#7845;t l&agrave; &#7903; Trung Qu&#7889;c &#272;&#7841;i L&#7909;c. K&#7875; t&#7915; n&#259;m 1991, kinh t&#7871; c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c m&#7895;i n&#259;m t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng &#7903; m&#7913;c hai con s&#7889;. M&#7897;t cu&#7897;c &#273;i&#7873;u tra v&#7873; hi&#7879;n tr&#7841;ng th&#7845;t tho&aacute;t &#273;&#7845;t tr&#7891;ng tr&#7885;t &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n. M&#7863;c d&ugrave; ch&#432;a ho&agrave;n ch&#7881;nh nh&#432;ng c&aacute;c s&#7889; li&#7879;u s&#417; b&#7897; c&#361;ng &#273;&#7911; g&acirc;y s&#7889;c. C&aacute;c th&#7889;ng k&ecirc; ch&iacute;nh th&#7913;c v&#7873; t&igrave;nh h&igrave;nh s&#7917; d&#7909;ng &#273;&#7845;t &#273;ai cho th&#7845;y kho&#7843;ng 650 tri&#7879;u h&eacute;c-ta, t&#7913;c 5% di&#7879;n t&iacute;ch &#273;&#7845;t canh t&aacute;c m&agrave;u m&#7905; &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c d&ugrave;ng cho c&aacute;c m&#7909;c &#273;&iacute;ch phi n&ocirc;ng nghi&#7879;p trong kho&#7843;ng th&#7901;i gian t&#7915; n&#259;m 1987 &#273;&#7871;n 1991. Kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; th&ocirc;ng tin n&agrave;o v&#7873; vi&#7879;c hai ph&#7847;n ba di&#7879;n t&iacute;ch kia &#273;&#432;&#7907;c d&ugrave;ng v&agrave;o vi&#7879;c g&igrave;, c&oacute; th&#7875; l&agrave; d&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7875; tr&#7891;ng c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i c&acirc;y b&#7845;t h&#7907;p ph&aacute;p ho&#7863;c cho m&#7909;c &#273;&iacute;ch x&#7845;u n&agrave;o &#273;&oacute;. Theo th&ocirc;ng tin ch&iacute;nh th&#7913;c th&igrave; 40% trong t&#7893;ng s&#7889; 650 tri&#7879;u h&eacute;c-ta &#273;&#7845;t &#7845;y tr&ecirc;n th&#7921;c t&#7871; &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c d&agrave;nh ri&ecirc;ng cho c&aacute;c d&#7921; &aacute;n c&ocirc;ng, cho c&aacute;c khu c&ocirc;ng nghi&#7879;p v&agrave; &#273;&ocirc; th&#7883; h&oacute;a. Ch&uacute;ng ta h&atilde;y gi&#7843; &#273;&#7883;nh r&#7857;ng ph&#7847;n &#273;&#7845;t &#273;ai &#273;&#432;&#7907;c d&ugrave;ng v&agrave;o c&aacute;c m&#7909;c &#273;&iacute;ch ch&#432;a minh b&#7841;ch kia c&#361;ng &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c d&ugrave;ng cho c&aacute;c d&#7921; &aacute;n c&ocirc;ng, v&agrave; gi&#7843; &#273;&#7883;nh r&#7857;ng h&#417;n 260 h&eacute;c-ta &#273;&#7845;t canh t&aacute;c &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c d&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7875; x&acirc;y d&#7921;ng c&aacute;c khu &#273;&ocirc; th&#7883; trong v&ograve;ng 6 n&#259;m, t&#7913;c l&agrave; t&#7881; l&#7879; th&#7845;t tho&aacute;t &#273;&#7845;t &#273;ai trung b&igrave;nh v&agrave;o kho&#7843;ng 433 ng&agrave;n h&eacute;c-ta m&#7895;i n&#259;m. T&#7915; 1987 &#273;&#7871;n 1992, Trung Qu&#7889;c &#272;&#7841;i L&#7909;c c&#361;ng &#273;&atilde; thi&#7871;t l&#7853;p c&aacute;c v&ugrave;ng tr&#7891;ng tr&#7885;t m&#7899;i. Tuy v&#7853;y l&#432;&#7907;ng &#273;&#7845;t &#273;ai th&#7845;t tho&aacute;t tr&ecirc;n th&#7921;c t&#7871; v&#7851;n r&#7845;t l&#7899;n &ndash; kho&#7843;ng 387 tri&#7879;u h&eacute;c-ta. &#272;&#7891;ng th&#7901;i s&#7843;n l&#432;&#7907;ng hoa m&agrave;u tr&ecirc;n 15 tri&#7879;u h&eacute;c-ta &#7903; Trung Qu&#7889;c c&#361;ng gi&#7843;m xu&#7889;ng. Theo &#432;&#7899;c t&iacute;nh th&igrave; s&#7843;n l&#432;&#7907;ng hoa m&agrave;u b&#7883; th&#7845;t thu c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#7911; &#259;n cho 45 tri&#7879;u ng&#432;&#7901;i Trung Qu&#7889;c. T&#7927; l&#7879; th&#7845;t tho&aacute;t &#273;&#7845;t &#273;ai nghi&ecirc;m tr&#7885;ng h&#417;n nhi&#7873;u so v&#7899;i ti&#7873;m l&#7921;c ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n c&#7911;a Trung Qu&#7889;c. C&aacute;c chuy&ecirc;n gia &#273;&#7883;nh l&#432;&#7907;ng r&#7857;ng Trung Qu&#7889;c &#272;&#7841;i L&#7909;c v&#7851;n c&oacute; th&#7875; d&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7845;t canh t&aacute;c cho c&aacute;c m&#7909;c &#273;&iacute;ch kh&aacute;c, nh&#432;ng kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c qu&aacute; 100 ng&agrave;n h&eacute;c-ta, t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#432;&#417;ng v&#7899;i d&#432;&#7899;i 8% di&#7879;n t&iacute;ch &#273;&#7845;t tr&#7891;ng hi&#7879;n nay. Tuy v&#7853;y, c&aacute;i gi&aacute; ph&#7843;i tr&#7843; trong t&#432;&#417;ng lai l&agrave; r&#7845;t &#273;&#7855;t. N&#7871;u t&#7927; l&#7879; th&#7845;t tho&aacute;t t&#7915; n&#259;m 1987 &#273;&#7871;n 1992 v&#7851;n kh&ocirc;ng &#273;&#7893;i th&igrave; c&oacute; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng t&#7927; l&#7879; n&agrave;y v&#432;&#7907;t ngo&agrave;i t&#7847;m ki&#7875;m so&aacute;t v&agrave; l&agrave;m suy ki&#7879;t c&aacute;c ngu&#7891;n t&agrave;i nguy&ecirc;n n&ocirc;ng nghi&#7879;p trong v&ograve;ng 15 n&#259;m t&#7899;i.<\/p>\n<p>&#272;&#7845;t tr&#7891;ng tr&#7885;t &#7903; Trung Qu&#7889;c &#272;&#7841;i L&#7909;c v&agrave; &#7844;n &#272;&#7897; b&#7883; h&#7911;y ho&#7841;i ch&#7911; y&#7871;u l&agrave; do nhu c&#7847;u l&agrave;m &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng x&aacute;. Ch&#7881; c&oacute; kho&#7843;ng 2 tri&#7879;u xe &ocirc;t&ocirc; &#7903; Trung Qu&#7889;c v&agrave;o n&#259;m 1995, &iacute;t h&#417;n 1% s&#7889; l&#432;&#7907;ng xe h&#417;i &#7903; Hoa K&#7923;. Nh&#432;ng theo d&#7921; &#273;o&aacute;n th&igrave; con s&#7889; n&agrave;y s&#7869; t&#259;ng &#273;&#7871;n m&#7913;c 22 tri&#7879;u xe v&agrave;o n&#259;m 2010. Do v&#7853;y, nhi&#7873;u v&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7845;t &#273;ai m&agrave;u m&#7905; s&#7869; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c d&ugrave;ng &#273;&#7875; x&acirc;y d&#7921;ng c&aacute;c m&#7841;ng l&#432;&#7899;i &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng cao t&#7889;c, &#273;&#432;&#7901;ng x&aacute; &#7903; n&ocirc;ng th&ocirc;n v&agrave; th&agrave;nh ph&#7889;, l&agrave;m b&atilde;i &#273;&#7853;u xe v&agrave; tr&#7841;m x&#259;ng. S&#7917; d&#7909;ng &#273;&#7845;t n&ocirc;ng nghi&#7879;p sai m&#7909;c &#273;&iacute;ch s&#7869; g&acirc;y thi&#7879;t h&#7841;i cho Trung Qu&#7889;c.<\/p>\n<p>D&acirc;n s&#7889; c&agrave;ng t&#259;ng th&igrave; nhu c&#7847;u &#273;&#7845;t &#273;ai c&agrave;ng t&#259;ng l&ecirc;n. Do &#273;&oacute; s&#7921; &#273;&ocirc; th&#7883; h&oacute;a ch&iacute;nh l&agrave; m&#7897;t m&#7889;i &#273;e d&#7885;a kh&aacute;c cho &#273;&#7845;t n&ocirc;ng nghi&#7879;p. Ng&#432;&#7901;i ta &#432;&#7899;c t&iacute;nh r&#7857;ng v&agrave;o n&#259;m 2000, g&#7847;n m&#7897;t n&#7917;a d&acirc;n s&#7889; th&#7871; gi&#7899;i s&#7869; s&#7889;ng trong c&aacute;c th&agrave;nh ph&#7889; l&#7899;n. C&agrave;ng &#273;&ocirc; th&#7883; h&oacute;a ngh&#297;a l&agrave; c&agrave;ng th&#7845;t tho&aacute;t nhi&#7873;u &#273;&#7845;t canh t&aacute;c h&#417;n. Gi&#7843; s&#7917; m&#7895;i c&ocirc;ng d&acirc;n trong m&#7897;t n&#432;&#7899;c &#273;ang ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n c&#7847;n 0,05 h&eacute;c-ta, &#273;&ocirc; th&#7883; h&oacute;a s&#7869; chi&#7871;m d&#7909;ng 50 tri&#7879;u h&eacute;c-ta &#273;&#7845;t v&agrave;o n&#259;m 2010.<\/p>\n<p>Tuy v&#7853;y, m&#7889;i &#273;e d&#7885;a l&#7899;n nh&#7845;t t&#7899;i &#273;&#7845;t n&ocirc;ng nghi&#7879;p l&#7841;i kh&ocirc;ng h&#7873; d&#7877; nh&#7853;n ra nh&#432; c&aacute;c c&ocirc;ng tr&igrave;nh x&acirc;y d&#7921;ng. &#272;&oacute; l&agrave; x&oacute;i m&ograve;n &#273;&#7845;t. Nh&#432; &#273;&atilde; n&oacute;i &#7903; tr&ecirc;n, &#273;&#7845;t tr&#7891;ng s&#7869; b&#7883; c&#7857;n c&#7895;i b&#7903;i nhi&#7873;u nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n, ch&#7859;ng h&#7841;n nh&#432; t&#432;&#7899;i n&#432;&#7899;c qu&aacute; nhi&#7873;u. Ph&acirc;n b&oacute;n s&#7869; l&agrave;m &#273;&#7845;t &#273;ai k&eacute;m m&agrave;u m&#7905; sau m&#7897;t th&#7901;i gian b&#7903;i v&igrave; n&oacute; l&agrave;m t&#259;ng ax&iacute;t trong &#273;&#7845;t, s&#7921; x&oacute;i m&ograve;n b&#7903;i gi&oacute;, s&#7921; mu&#7889;i h&oacute;a v&agrave; ng&#7853;p n&#432;&#7899;c. Nh&#7919;ng thi&#7879;t h&#7841;i t&#7899;i &#273;&#7845;t n&ocirc;ng nghi&#7879;p c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7845;y r&#7897;ng r&atilde;i &#7903; c&#7843; c&aacute;c qu&#7889;c gia c&ocirc;ng nghi&#7879;p l&#7851;n n&ocirc;ng nghi&#7879;p. Do n&#7841;n x&oacute;i m&ograve;n &#273;&#7845;t kh&ocirc;ng d&#7877; th&#7845;y, n&ecirc;n nh&igrave;n chung ng&#432;&#7901;i ta qu&aacute; xem nh&#7865; h&#7853;u qu&#7843; m&agrave; n&oacute; g&acirc;y ra. L&#7869; ra ch&uacute;ng ta ph&#7843;i r&uacute;t ra &#273;&#432;&#7907;c b&agrave;i h&#7885;c qu&yacute; gi&aacute; n&agrave;y t&#7915; l&#7883;ch s&#7917;. T&#7841;i sao n&#7873;n v&#259;n minh Sumeria bi&#7871;n m&#7845;t 3800 n&#259;m tr&#432;&#7899;c? T&#7841;i sao n&#7873;n v&#259;n minh Maya s&#7909;p &#273;&#7893; v&agrave;o th&#7871; k&#7927; th&#7913; 9? Ch&uacute;ng ta bi&#7871;t r&#7857;ng m&#7897;t trong nh&#7919;ng nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n l&agrave; do th&#7845;t tho&aacute;t &#273;&#7845;t canh t&aacute;c.<\/p>\n<p>V&agrave;o n&#259;m 1991, Li&ecirc;n Hi&#7879;p Qu&#7889;c &#273;&atilde; th&#7921;c hi&#7879;n m&#7897;t kh&#7843;o s&aacute;t. K&#7871;t lu&#7853;n cho th&#7845;y tr&ecirc;n to&agrave;n th&#7871; gi&#7899;i c&oacute; kho&#7843;ng 552 tri&#7879;u h&eacute;c-ta &#273;&#7845;t n&ocirc;ng nghi&#7879;p, t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#432;&#417;ng 38% &#273;&#7845;t n&ocirc;ng nghi&#7879;p ng&agrave;y nay, &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; &ocirc; nhi&#7877;m t&#7899;i m&#7897;t m&#7913;c &#273;&#7897; nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7883;nh, g&acirc;y ra b&#7903;i c&aacute;c k&#7929; thu&#7853;t kh&ocirc;ng th&iacute;ch h&#7907;p k&#7875; t&#7915; Th&#7871; Chi&#7871;n th&#7913; II. Th&#7921;c ra kh&#7843;o s&aacute;t n&agrave;y c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&atilde; &#273;&aacute;nh gi&aacute; th&#7845;p ph&#7841;m vi &ocirc; nhi&#7877;m &#273;&#7845;t tr&ecirc;n to&agrave;n th&#7871; gi&#7899;i. N&#259;m 1994, m&#7897;t kh&#7843;o s&aacute;t &#7903; Nam &Aacute; &#273;&atilde; cho th&#7845;y r&#7857;ng c&aacute;c kh&#7843;o s&aacute;t n&#7897;i b&#7897; tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&oacute; v&#7873; t&#7927; l&#7879; &#273;&#7845;t &#273;ai th&#7845;t tho&aacute;t ho&#7863;c &ocirc; nhi&#7877;m cao h&#417;n kho&#7843;ng 10% so v&#7899;i b&aacute;o c&aacute;o c&#7911;a Li&ecirc;n Hi&#7879;p Qu&#7889;c.<\/p>\n<p>Nh&#7919;ng y&#7871;u t&#7889; g&acirc;y x&oacute;i m&oacute;n &#273;&#7845;t n&ecirc;u tr&ecirc;n th&#7853;t s&#7921; l&agrave;m gi&#7843;m n&#259;ng su&#7845;t c&#7911;a &#273;&#7845;t tr&#7891;ng. Kh&#7843;o s&aacute;t c&#7911;a Li&ecirc;n Hi&#7879;p Qu&#7889;c ch&#7881; ra r&#7857;ng di&#7879;n t&iacute;ch &#273;&#7845;t b&#7883; x&oacute;i m&ograve;n v&agrave; &ocirc; nhi&#7877;m nghi&ecirc;m tr&#7885;ng chi&#7871;m h&#417;n 15% t&#7893;ng s&#7889; &#273;&#7845;t n&ocirc;ng nghi&#7879;p b&#7883; &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng tr&ecirc;n to&agrave;n th&#7871; gi&#7899;i. T&#7893;ng di&#7879;n t&iacute;ch &#273;&#7845;t canh t&aacute;c b&#7883; &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng chi&#7871;m 86 tri&#7879;u h&eacute;c-ta, g&#7847;n g&#7845;p &#273;&ocirc;i t&#7893;ng di&#7879;n t&iacute;ch &#273;&#7845;t tr&#7891;ng &#7903; Canada.<\/p>\n<p><b>3. Tu d&#432;&#7905;ng &#273;&#7913;c l&agrave; &#273;i&#7873;u thi&#7871;t y&#7871;u<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Con ng&#432;&#7901;i ng&agrave;y nay r&#7845;t th&iacute;ch s&#7889;ng n&#417;i th&agrave;nh th&#7883;. C&oacute; v&#7867; nh&#432; h&#7885; &#273;ang l&#7863;p l&#7841;i sai l&#7847;m t&#7915; nhi&#7873;u th&#7871; k&#7927; tr&#432;&#7899;c. Ch&#7859;ng ph&#7843;i &#7903; &#273;&#7847;u b&agrave;i vi&#7871;t ch&uacute;ng ta &#273;&atilde; n&ecirc;u ra c&aacute;c &#273;i&#7873;u ki&#7879;n s&#7889;ng t&#432;&#417;ng t&#7921; v&agrave; h&#7853;u qu&#7843; c&#7911;a ch&uacute;ng &#273;&oacute; sao? Nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i v&#7851;n ph&#7899;t l&#7901; nh&#7919;ng b&agrave;i h&#7885;c t&#7915; s&#7921; bi&#7871;n m&#7845;t c&#7911;a c&aacute;c n&#7873;n v&#259;n minh tr&#432;&#7899;c &#273;&acirc;y. H&#7885; v&#7851;n kh&ocirc;ng coi tr&#7885;ng ph&#7847;n &#273;&#7845;t &#273;ai c&oacute; th&#7875; duy tr&igrave; s&#7921; s&#7889;ng. Khi &#273;&#7845;t &#7903; b&#7873; m&#7863;t, ch&#7913;a nhi&#7873;u lo&#7841;i v&#7853;t ch&#7845;t h&#7919;u c&#417; v&agrave; v&ocirc; c&#417;, ch&#7845;t dinh d&#432;&#7905;ng, c&ocirc;n tr&ugrave;ng, vi sinh v&#7853;t v&agrave; c&aacute;c nguy&ecirc;n t&#7889; kh&aacute;c b&#7883; h&#7911;y ho&#7841;i b&#7903;i c&ocirc;ng tr&igrave;nh x&acirc;y d&#7921;ng hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i, xe c&#7897; v&agrave; h&oacute;a ch&#7845;t, v&agrave; khi m&ocirc;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng tr&ecirc;n th&#7871; gi&#7899;i d&#7847;n d&#7847;n t&#7879; h&#417;n, th&igrave; n&#7873;n v&#259;n minh s&#7869; ph&#7843;i &#273;&#7889;i m&#7863;t v&#7899;i nguy hi&#7875;m kh&ocirc;n l&#432;&#7901;ng.<\/p>\n<p>&#7902; b&#7873; m&#7863;t, d&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#432; n&#7841;n x&oacute;i m&ograve;n v&agrave; &ocirc; nhi&#7877;m &#273;&#7845;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&acirc;y b&#7903;i c&aacute;c y&#7871;u t&#7889; do con ng&#432;&#7901;i t&#7841;o ra. C&aacute;c y&#7871;u t&#7889; n&agrave;y bao g&#7891;m b&ugrave;ng n&#7893; d&acirc;n s&#7889; d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n &#273;&ocirc; th&#7883; h&oacute;a, ti&ecirc;u th&#7909; qu&aacute; nhi&#7873;u th&#7921;c ph&#7849;m v&agrave; n&#7841;n ph&aacute; r&#7915;ng. Nh&#432;ng ch&#7859;ng ph&#7843;i l&yacute; do th&#7853;t s&#7921; cho nh&#7919;ng t&aacute;c &#273;&#7897;ng ti&ecirc;u c&#7921;c l&ecirc;n m&ocirc;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng l&agrave; do ti&ecirc;u chu&#7849;n &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c c&#7911;a nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i b&#7883; tho&aacute;i h&oacute;a hay sao? K&#7875; t&#7915; khi khoa h&#7885;c hi&#7879;n &#273;&#7841;i ra &#273;&#7901;i &#273;&#7871;n nay, con ng&#432;&#7901;i ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng k&eacute;m t&ocirc;n tr&#7885;ng c&aacute;c nguy&ecirc;n l&yacute; c&#7911;a v&#361; tr&#7909;. L&#7869; ph&#7843;i &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; thay th&#7871; b&#7903;i s&#7921; &iacute;ch k&#7927;. Con ng&#432;&#7901;i ng&agrave;y c&agrave;ng tham lam v&agrave; bu&ocirc;ng th&#7843; b&#7843;n th&acirc;n. T&ocirc;i c&oacute; th&#7875; n&oacute;i th&ecirc;m v&#7873; s&#7921; suy &#273;&#7891;i c&#7911;a nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i. Ch&#7859;ng ph&#7843;i lu&#7853;t tr&#7901;i &#273;&atilde; d&#7841;y r&#7857;ng con ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7843;i tr&#7843; l&#7841;i cho nh&#7919;ng g&igrave; m&igrave;nh &#273;&atilde; nh&#7853;n hay sao? Con ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7843;i tr&#7843; gi&aacute; cho s&#7921; l&#7841;m d&#7909;ng &#273;&#7845;t &#273;ai. Nh&#7857;m ki&#7875;m so&aacute;t &#273;&#432;&#7907;c c&aacute;c nhu c&#7847;u v&#432;&#7907;t m&#7913;c, con ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7843;i tu d&#432;&#7905;ng &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c. Khi c&aacute;c ti&ecirc;u chu&#7849;n &#273;&#7841;o &#273;&#7913;c c&#7911;a nh&acirc;n lo&#7841;i th&#259;ng hoa l&ecirc;n v&agrave; &#273;&#7843;o ng&#432;&#7907;c s&#7921; tr&#432;&#7907;t d&#7889;c, ch&#432; Th&#7847;n s&#7869; b&agrave;y t&#7887; l&ograve;ng t&#7915; bi v&agrave; Tr&aacute;i &#272;&#7845;t s&#7869; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ph&#7909;c h&#7891;i. N&acirc;ng cao ti&ecirc;u chu&#7849;n t&acirc;m t&iacute;nh l&agrave; n&#7873;n t&#7843;ng &#273;&#7875; b&#7843;o v&#7879; &#273;&#7845;t &#273;ai kh&#7887;i n&#7841;n x&oacute;i m&ograve;n v&agrave; &ocirc; nhi&#7877;m. Ch&#7881; b&#7857;ng c&aacute;ch &#273;&oacute; th&igrave; n&#7873;n v&#259;n minh m&#7899;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng t&#7891;n m&atilde;i m&atilde;i.<\/p>\n<p>Tham kh&#7843;o:<\/p>\n<p>1. Hi&#7879;n tr&#7841;ng c&#7911;a Th&#7871; gi&#7899;i, m&#7897;t b&aacute;o c&aacute;o v&#7873; m&ocirc;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng to&agrave;n c&#7847;u, L.R. Brown, 1998<\/p>\n<p>D&#7883;ch t&#7915;:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.zhengjian.org\/node\/19821\">http:\/\/www.zhengjian.org\/node\/19821<\/a><br>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/pureinsight.org\/node\/1393\">http:\/\/pureinsight.org\/node\/1393<\/a><\/p>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong c\u1ea3 hai truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[95],"tags":[172],"class_list":["post-23305","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nhan-sinh-cam-ngo","tag-khoa-hoc-chan-chinh"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.8 - 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