{"id":13399,"date":"2011-10-14T16:57:53","date_gmt":"2011-10-14T16:57:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?p=13399"},"modified":"2025-05-29T22:36:11","modified_gmt":"2025-05-29T15:36:11","slug":"than-chau-su-cuong-phuong-phap-thien-thoi-ngu-hanh-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2011\/10\/than-chau-su-cuong-phuong-phap-thien-thoi-ngu-hanh-3.html","title":{"rendered":"Th\u1ea7n Ch\u00e2u s\u1eed c\u01b0\u01a1ng: Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Thi\u00ean th\u1eddi Ng\u0169 h\u00e0nh (3)"},"content":{"rendered":"

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[Chanhkien.org]<\/strong><\/p>\n

2. Ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed quan duy v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Marx<\/strong><\/p>\n

D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Trung Hoa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 coi tr\u1ecdng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 “S\u1eed k\u00fd” huy ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Thi\u00ean, c\u00f3 “T\u01b0 tr\u1ecb th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m” m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Quang, c\u00f3 24 b\u1ed9 s\u1eed l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Trung Hoa. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng trong \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7n nay l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018l\u1ecbch s\u1eed quan 5 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n\u2019 c\u1ee7a Karl Marx. N\u00e0o l\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i phong ki\u1ebfn, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. Sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u2018x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a\u2019, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i th\u00eam ‘giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u’. Cho d\u00f9 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng th\u00eam v\u00e0o, th\u00ec v\u1eabn khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1ecb b\u00f3 h\u1eb9p trong c\u00e1i khung l\u1ecbch s\u1eed quan c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu, t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y nghi ng\u1edd h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Karl Marx. C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f2n tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1eddi gian gi\u1eefa x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i phong ki\u1ebfn, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i n\u00e0o l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed1c theo T\u00e2y Chu, r\u1ed3i T\u1ea7n H\u00e1n, Ng\u1ee5y T\u1ea5n, v.v. L\u1ea1i c\u00f2n l\u1ea5y n\u0103m 1840 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean tranh lu\u1eadn t\u1edbi tranh lu\u1eadn lui th\u00ec v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ai d\u00e1m n\u00f3i Marx l\u00e0 sai, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c Marx c\u00f3 con ri\u00eang nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 b\u1edfi Engels, hay vi\u1ec7c Marx l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed3 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i Sa-t\u0103ng ph\u1ea3n C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Marx ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Hegel, th\u00ec l\u1ecbch s\u1eed quan c\u1ee7a Marx l\u1ea1i b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Darwin, cho d\u00f9 l\u00e0 “Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i” hay “Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n” th\u00ec c\u0169ng v\u1eady. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n n\u00f3i th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 \u201cph\u00e9p duy v\u1eadt bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a hai m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a L\u00e3o T\u1eed\u201d, l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0110\u00f4ng-T\u00e2y; e r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ecdc qua “\u0110\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ee9c Kinh”. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1p, l\u00e0 nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean lu\u1eadn, c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf, c\u1ee7a Caesar tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i cho Caesar. C\u00f2n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 ‘Thi\u00ean nh\u00e2n h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t’, l\u00e0 ‘h\u1ee3p’ ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ‘ph\u00e2n’. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n ra, th\u00ec t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 ‘nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean tam y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1’. L\u00e3o T\u1eed gi\u1ea3ng, “Nh\u1ea5t sinh nh\u1ecb, nh\u1ecb sinh tam, tam sinh v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt”, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 “nh\u1ecb sinh v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt”. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Thi\u00ean, nh\u1ecb l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ecba, tam l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ‘tam t\u00e0i’ m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u2018tam\u2019. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00edn t\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Th\u1ea7n: tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, sau sinh v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt, v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 sinh ra. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o gi\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. K\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ‘tam’ c\u1ee7a L\u00e3o T\u1eed, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 H\u1eadu thi\u00ean B\u00e1t qu\u00e1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a V\u0103n V\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 Th\u1eadp D\u1ef1c ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i “Chu D\u1ecbch” c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 l\u00fd chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1n t\u1eeb t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ti\u00ean thi\u00ean sang nh\u00e2n lu\u00e2n h\u1eadu thi\u00ean. M\u00e0 Thi\u00ean th\u1eddi, \u0110\u1ecba l\u1ee3i, nh\u00e2n h\u00f2a v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Trung Dung \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n l\u00fd. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn trong c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i “V\u1ecb lai B\u00e1t qu\u00e1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb” v\u00e0 “D\u0129 Th\u1ed5 vi qu\u00fd”.<\/p>\n

Gi\u1edd ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat lu\u1eadn thu\u1eadt li\u00ean quan m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i “Ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec7n\u2014T\u1eeb l\u00fd lu\u1eadn k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u xua tan \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ec3 n\u01b0\u1edbc” v\u00e0 “Ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Thi\u1ec7n\u2014B\u00e0n v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh doanh nghi\u1ec7p th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng”. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed quan 5 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Marx l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed quan tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a, m\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Newton. Newton \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 t\u00ednh phong b\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, v.v. R\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, Darwin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t ranh gi\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Newton. \u00d4ng ta l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t ranh gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Einstein l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra kh\u1ecfi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1. B\u1edfi v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra kh\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 quan s\u00e1t ho\u1eb7c suy x\u00e9t m\u1edbi, l\u1eadp ra h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn m\u1edbi, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n. Darwin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t ranh gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea1m quy. \u00d4ng ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadn trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng \u0111em c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Newton \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o gi\u1edbi sinh v\u1eadt, t\u1ee9c v\u01b0\u1ee3t ranh gi\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n m\u00e0 Newton \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a sinh v\u1eadt” c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n h\u01b0\u1edbng, th\u1ebf m\u1edbi c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n” ch\u1ee9. L\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh phong b\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, Darwin m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh coi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sinh t\u1ed3n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0 “c\u1ea1nh tranh”. C\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 t\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a ra, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu chi\u1ec3u theo ph\u00e9p t\u00edch ph\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Newton\u2014t\u1ee9c theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc kh\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n, ho\u00e0n nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng trong c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadn\u2014m\u00e0 \u0111em \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o gi\u1edbi sinh v\u1eadt, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u heo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con heo ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i chia ra v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea7n, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 con heo n\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng? Ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i. N\u00f3 s\u1ebd ch\u1ebft m\u1ea5t, s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t \u0111i thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ec7nh. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn xu\u1ea5t khi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadn v\u00e0o gi\u1edbi sinh v\u1eadt, n\u00f3 \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i ph\u00e9p t\u1eafc sinh m\u1ec7nh. C\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sinh m\u1ec7nh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa, xin c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n th\u1eed \u0111\u1ecdc qua cu\u1ed1n “Gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea3ng”; \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, t\u00f4i ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung m\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. T\u00f4i c\u00f2n b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam hai c\u00e2u n\u1eefa, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edbm ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n trong ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc r\u1ed3i, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ph\u00e2n t\u1eed sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ee7ng n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u gien c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 ch\u00f3 ngao T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 ch\u00f3 B\u1eafc Kinh kh\u00e1c nhau r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u00f3! B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi ch\u00f3 ngao T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 s\u01b0 t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c! L\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 qu\u1ed1c, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng, da v\u00e0ng, da \u0111en, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 c\u1ea3. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y t\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i Darwin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t ranh gi\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc sinh \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Newton, t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc sinh l\u00e0m b\u00e0i v\u1eadt l\u00fd m\u00e0 nh\u1ea7m nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u00e0 sai c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Darwin x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u01b0\u1ee3t ranh gi\u1edbi sau \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd c\u00f2n nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a Darwin v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 Karl Marx v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed quan 5 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta. N\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Darwin x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111em l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh quy lu\u1eadt tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh; n\u00f3 c\u00f9ng l\u1eafm c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 lu\u1eadn tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Newton th\u00f4i, \u0111em l\u1ecbch s\u1eed x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

Sau khi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed quan Marx, ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea1i xem c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed quan Marx. Marx l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o, do \u0111\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 “Th\u00e1nh Kinh” v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i La M\u00e3; tuy nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta ch\u1ec9 cu\u1ed9c h\u1ea1n trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, e r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec m\u1ea5y v\u1ec1 Trung Qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n

Marx \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i (m\u00e0 Marx g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ‘x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f4 l\u1ec7’), th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, v\u00ed nh\u01b0 th\u00e0nh bang Hy L\u1ea1p hay La M\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi Caesar, c\u00f2n La M\u00e3 sau th\u1eddi Caesar th\u00ec l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. Nh\u01b0ng sau khi ti\u1ebfn nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5 (Marx g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ‘x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i phong ki\u1ebfn’), th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c l\u1edbn Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac r\u1ed3i, tan r\u00e3 r\u1ed3i, Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u00e0nh bang. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a th\u00e0nh bang theo ki\u1ec3u Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ti\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n, trong \u0111\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng h\u1ea7u b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc, nam t\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n thu thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 binh quy\u1ec1n b\u00ean trong c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba, nh\u01b0 k\u1ef5 s\u0129 Trung C\u1ed5 v\u00e0 v\u00f5 s\u0129 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u1eady. Lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng, ti\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ti\u1ec3u ti\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y, l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea5t phong, t\u1ee9c h\u1ecd c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ra l\u1ec7nh tr\u00ean m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t phong \u1ea5y, \u0111\u00e2y m\u1edbi l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5, c\u1ee9 n\u00f3i “ph\u1ea3n phong ki\u1ebfn”, th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee5p l\u00ean c\u00e1i m\u0169 “phong ki\u1ebfn”, m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng m\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0m ngh\u0129a ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt l\u00e0 g\u00ec.<\/p>\n

Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c so v\u1edbi Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn; Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00f2n Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c. Marx th\u1ea5y l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c l\u1edbn La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c nh\u1ecf Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5. C\u00f2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00ec ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ti\u1ec3u ti\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Chu ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c l\u1edbn th\u1eddi T\u1ea7n H\u00e1n. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 kh\u1eaft khe y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Marx ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng c\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Marx “\u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i” l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong gi\u1edbi s\u1eed h\u1ecdc t\u1eebng tranh lu\u1eadn xem n\u00ean ph\u00e2n \u0111o\u1ea1n “x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i phong ki\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c” nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, n\u00e0o l\u00e0 t\u1eeb T\u00e2y Chu, T\u1ea7n H\u00e1n, Ng\u1ee5y T\u1ea5n, v.v. Th\u1ef1c ra theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ‘x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i phong ki\u1ebfn’ c\u1ee7a Marx, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ba tri\u1ec1u H\u1ea1, Th\u01b0\u01a1ng, Chu tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7n H\u00e1n \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c m\u1edbi ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u01a1ng, Trung Qu\u1ed1c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ‘ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u’. Nghe n\u00f3i v\u00e0o tri\u1ec1u Th\u01b0\u01a1ng, Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 tr\u00ean 100 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u, th\u1eddi T\u00e2y Chu c\u00f3 800, \u0111\u1ebfn Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c th\u1ea5t h\u00f9ng tranh b\u00e1 c\u00f2n kho\u1ea3ng 200.<\/p>\n

Gi\u1edbi s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u1ed1c tranh lu\u1eadn t\u1edbi tranh lu\u1eadn lui, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u00f3i tri\u1ec1u T\u1ea7n l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i phong ki\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u hoang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u? Kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7n khi th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t l\u1ee5c qu\u1ed1c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0: ph\u1ea3n phong ki\u1ebfn, ch\u1ebf qu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n. Nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n, h\u1ecd ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean T\u1eed nh\u00e0 Chu; v\u1eady m\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y nay l\u1ea1i coi tri\u1ec1u T\u1ea7n l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i phong ki\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed3 nghe th\u1ea5y c\u00e2u n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u00f4ng s\u1ebd ngh\u0129 g\u00ec n\u1eefa. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng\u2014ph\u1ea3n phong ki\u1ebfn, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t l\u1ee5c qu\u1ed1c\u2014l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi sau n\u00f3i th\u00e0nh kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn. \u00d4ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd d\u1edf kh\u00f3c d\u1edf c\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng sau khi H\u1ea1ng V\u0169 di\u1ec7t T\u1ea7n, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u. Nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n th\u1eddi L\u01b0u Bang l\u00e0 qu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecd L\u01b0u th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong v\u01b0\u01a1ng. Sau lo\u1ea1n b\u1ea3y n\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n suy b\u1ea1i, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t t\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n; v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng b\u00e1 h\u1ea7u m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi sau gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 h\u01b0 danh m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, nh\u01b0 H\u00e1n Th\u1ecd \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ea7u Quan V\u0169 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n,… Cho d\u00f9 tri\u1ec1u Minh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 v\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ra ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0103n b\u1ed5ng l\u1ed9c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 quan vi\u00ean do trung \u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n

C\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u1edf kh\u00f3c d\u1edf c\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb tri\u1ec1u T\u1ea7n tr\u1edf \u0111i, Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng. Ph\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp, t\u1ee9c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 trung \u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp. V\u1eady m\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea1i coi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed 2.000 n\u0103m t\u1eeb tri\u1ec1u T\u1ea7n t\u1edbi nay l\u00e0 “qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn”, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng “th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t” v\u00e0 “phong ki\u1ebfn” l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3i th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u1ee9 “th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t” v\u00e0 “phong ki\u1ebfn” kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 “d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7” v\u00e0 “chuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh” v\u1eady. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y k\u1ef3 qu\u00e1i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n l\u00e2u r\u1ed3i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

(c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp)<\/em><\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch t\u1eeb:<\/p>\n

http:\/\/big5.zhengjian.org\/node\/67184<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[Chanhkien.org] 2. Ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed quan duy v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Marx D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Trung Hoa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 coi tr\u1ecdng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 “S\u1eed k\u00fd” huy ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Thi\u00ean, c\u00f3 “T\u01b0 tr\u1ecb th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m” m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Quang, c\u00f3 24 b\u1ed9 s\u1eed l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":17934,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[304,103],"tags":[142],"class_list":["post-13399","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-loat-bai","category-vanhoa-truyenthong","tag-than-chau-su-cuong"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nTh\u1ea7n Ch\u00e2u s\u1eed c\u01b0\u01a1ng: Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Thi\u00ean th\u1eddi Ng\u0169 h\u00e0nh (3) - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2011\/10\/than-chau-su-cuong-phuong-phap-thien-thoi-ngu-hanh-3.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Th\u1ea7n Ch\u00e2u s\u1eed c\u01b0\u01a1ng: Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Thi\u00ean th\u1eddi Ng\u0169 h\u00e0nh (3) - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[Chanhkien.org] 2. 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