{"id":13055,"date":"2011-09-11T02:06:41","date_gmt":"2011-09-11T02:06:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/?p=13055"},"modified":"2025-05-12T10:27:27","modified_gmt":"2025-05-12T03:27:27","slug":"nguyen-ly-8020-y-nghia-va-nguon-goc-phan-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2011\/09\/nguyen-ly-8020-y-nghia-va-nguon-goc-phan-3.html","title":{"rendered":"Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd 80\/20: \u00dd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c (Ph\u1ea7n 3)"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

[Chanhkien.org]<\/strong><\/p>\n

2. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean l\u00fd 80\/20<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady nguy\u00ean l\u00fd 80\/20 v\u00ec sao c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ean g\u1ecdi v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t kh\u00e1c nhau? \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ng\u1ecdn ngu\u1ed3n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nguy\u00ean l\u00fd 80\/20.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c ra nguy\u00ean l\u00fd 80\/20 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, m\u00e0 do nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i. L\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean l\u00fd 80\/20 l\u00e0 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc ki\u00eam x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd Vilfredo Pareto. Pareto ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea5y 80% s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i \u1edf \u00dd l\u00e0 do 20% s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1edf h\u1eefu, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 xu th\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i mang t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. Do \u0111\u00f3 Pareto cho r\u1eb1ng trong m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng chi\u1ebfm thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1, c\u00f2n nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu l\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfm \u0111a s\u1ed1. B\u1edfi v\u1eady c\u0103n c\u1ee9 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y trong nguy\u00ean l\u00fd 80\/20, ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n c\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Pareto \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean l\u00fd 80\/20, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd n\u00e0y. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, Pareto ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00fd lu\u1eadn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1 thu h\u00fat nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n. Nh\u1eefng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y l\u1ea5y nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tinh anh trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc h\u01a1n n\u1eefa ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi, Pareto \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n sang gia nh\u1eadp ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1t-x\u00edt c\u1ee7a Mussolini. Do \u0111\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean l\u00fd 80\/20 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eb7t v\u00f4 \u00e2m t\u00edn trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean l\u00fd 80\/20, m\u00e3i cho t\u1edbi sau chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hai l\u00fd lu\u1eadn k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nguy\u00ean l\u00fd 80\/20. M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 “nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m c\u00f4ng” m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc do George K.Zipf, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard, ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n. N\u0103m 1949, Zipf \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra “nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m c\u00f4ng”, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn nguy\u00ean l\u00fd Pareto.<\/p>\n

C\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean phong \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nguy\u00ean l\u00fd 80\/20, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Rumani sinh n\u0103m 1904, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh s\u01b0 Joseph Moses Juran. Juran l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb1ng sau cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 50-90 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. N\u0103m 1924, Juran gia nh\u1eadp c\u00f4ng ty \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00ed Western Electric, chi nh\u00e1nh c\u00f4ng ty s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i Bell Telephone System, v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Juran tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Juran l\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd 80\/20 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. “S\u1ed5 tay ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng” c\u1ee7a Juran \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1951. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi, trong s\u00e1ch t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng cao \u0111\u1ed9 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd 80\/20. Tuy nhi\u00ean th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn n\u00e0o t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9. N\u0103m 1953, Juran nh\u1eadn l\u1eddi m\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt, \u00f4ng g\u00e2y ra ti\u1ebfng vang l\u1edbn. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, Juran \u1edf l\u1ea1i gi\u00fap m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng ty Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, khi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 th\u00ec c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u coi tr\u1ecdng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Juran. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Juran tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y gi\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p M\u1ef9 tri\u1ec3n khai c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Juran, nguy\u00ean l\u00fd 80\/20 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 t\u1ea3ng trong cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, cho d\u00f9 l\u00e0 Pareto ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd hay l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Rumani Juran, nguy\u00ean l\u00fd 80\/20 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua l\u1ecbch tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 thu\u1eadn bu\u1ed3m xu\u00f4i gi\u00f3. Kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i b\u1edfi v\u00ec nguy\u00ean l\u00fd 80\/20 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thi\u00ean c\u01a1 \u1edf kh\u00f4ng gian cao t\u1ea7ng? Hay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 sinh m\u1ec7nh cao t\u1ea7ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd 80\/20?<\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch t\u1eeb:<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.zhengjian.org\/zj\/book\/html\/shan\/x077.htm<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[Chanhkien.org] 2. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean l\u00fd 80\/20 Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady nguy\u00ean l\u00fd 80\/20 v\u00ec sao c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ean g\u1ecdi v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t kh\u00e1c nhau? \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ng\u1ecdn ngu\u1ed3n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nguy\u00ean l\u00fd 80\/20. Th\u1ef1c ra nguy\u00ean l\u00fd 80\/20 kh\u00f4ng […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[95],"tags":[140],"class_list":["post-13055","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nhan-sinh-cam-ngo","tag-nguyen-ly-pareto"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nNguy\u00ean l\u00fd 80\/20: \u00dd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c (Ph\u1ea7n 3) - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chanhkien.org\/2011\/09\/nguyen-ly-8020-y-nghia-va-nguon-goc-phan-3.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd 80\/20: \u00dd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c (Ph\u1ea7n 3) - Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn Net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[Chanhkien.org] 2. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean l\u00fd 80\/20 Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady nguy\u00ean l\u00fd 80\/20 v\u00ec sao c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ean g\u1ecdi v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t kh\u00e1c nhau? \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ng\u1ecdn ngu\u1ed3n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nguy\u00ean l\u00fd 80\/20. 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